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输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石的临床应用

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【摘要】 目的:探讨输尿管气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石的手术技巧及临床疗效。方法:回顾分析笔者所在医院2011年1月-2014年

6月采用输尿管镜联合气压弹道碎石术治疗364例输尿管结石患者的临床资料,观察治疗效果及相关并发症。结果:本组364例患者,手术时间15~80 min,平均35 min,术中出血量5~30 ml,平均10 ml,住院时间2~7 d,平均3.5 d,一次性碎石成功率为94.5%,上段结石碎石成功率为90.2%,中段为93.7%,下段为98.4%,并发症发生率为2.5%。结论:输尿管镜联合气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石疗效确切,合理选择病例、提高手术操作技巧、实施临床路径可有效提高碎石成功率,缩短住院时间,减少并发症的发生,值得临床推广。

【关键词】 输尿管镜; 气压弹道; 输尿管结石

中图分类号 R693.4 文献标识码 B 文章编号 1674-6805(2015)11-0014-03

【Abstract】 Objective:To investigate the surgical technique and clinical efficacy of ureteroscopy pneumatic lithotripsy in the treatment of ureteral calculus.Method:The clinical data of 364 patients with ureteral calculus who treated with ureteroscopy combined pneumatic ballistic lithotripsy in our hospital from January 2011 to June 2014 were retrospectively analyzed,and the treatment effect and related complications were also observed.Result:In 364 patients of this group,the operative time was from 15-80 min,the average was 35 min;the intraoperative blood loss was 5-30 ml,the average was 10 ml;the hospitalization time was from 2-7 days,the average was 3.5 days,the one-time success rate of crushing calculi was 94.5%,success rate of crushing calculi in the upside segment was 90.2%,in the middle segment was 93.7%,in the downside segment was 98.4%,the incidence rate of related complication was 2.5%.Conclusion:The curative effect of ureteroscopy combined with pneumatic lithotripsy in the treatment of ureteral calculus is effective.Through reasonable chosen of cases and improvement on operative techniques,the implementation of clinical pathways can effectively improve the success rate of crushing calculi,shorten the length of hospital stay and reduce complications,is worth clinical promotion.

【Key words】 Ureteroscopy; Pneumatic; Ureteral calculus

临床上治疗输尿管结石的方法多种多样,包括体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)、输尿管镜碎石(URL)、经皮肾镜碎石(PCNL)、后腹腔镜切开取石及开放手术等,由于开放性手术治疗对患者的创伤较大,且围手术期存在较多的风险,术后恢复缓慢[1],因此输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术作为新型高效的腔内泌尿外科手术近年来广泛运用于泌尿系结石的治疗,特别是对于输尿管中下段结石,输尿管镜碎石取石术具有较大优势,体表无手术瘢痕,手术对周围组织影响小,效果确切,成功率高,并发症少,恢复快[2]。笔者所在医院2011年1月-2014年6月采用输尿管镜联合气压弹道术治疗364例输尿管结石患者,疗效良好,现报告如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

选取笔者所在医院2011年1月-2014年6月收治的364例输尿管结石患者作为研究对象,男208例,女156例,年龄16~82岁,平均41岁,患者大多有腰痛及血尿病史,输尿管上段结石92例,输尿管中段结石143例,输尿管下段结石129例;单发结石312例,多发结石52例;单侧结石351例,双侧结石13例。结石大小0.8 cm×0.5 cm~1.5 cm×2.0 cm。所有患者伴有患侧肾积水,57例伴有不同程度肾功能损害,158例曾行ESWL治疗,术前均行泌尿系彩超、KUB+IVU、CT检查确诊。

1.2 治疗方法

仪器采用Wolf8.0-9.8F输尿管镜,瑞士EMS第四代超声气压弹道碎石机,液压灌注泵,输尿管镜取石钳,配置史赛克监视摄像系统,F4.8双J管,F4输尿管导管。患者取截石位,采用持续硬膜外麻醉或腰麻,经尿道将输尿管镜在直视下进入膀胱,寻找输尿管开口,在患侧开口插入输尿管导管,生理盐水持续灌注,将输尿管镜沿导管贴近输尿管口,镜身内旋90°,挑起输尿管开口,紧贴管壁边缘进入管腔后将镜体回转为原位,减小灌注泵液压控制好压力,保持视野清晰,缓慢上镜至结石处,观察结石形态、大小、活动度,输尿管黏膜有无充血水肿,结石周围有无肉芽形成,置入EMS弹道碎石清石系统,调整位置从结石中央向周边或从中央向周边击碎结石,清除结石,继续向上进入输尿管镜检查输尿管上段及肾盂有无残石,术后放置F4.8双J管,保持引流通畅。出院后1周、1个月后复诊。

总之,选择合适的病例,做好充分的术前准备及恰当的术后处理,熟练掌握手术操作和碎石技巧、积累临床治疗经验,实施临床路径,有利于减少术后并发症的发生,同时可最大限度提高输尿管镜手术成功率。

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(收稿日期:2014-12-04) (编辑:欧丽)