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公元1616年,莎士比亚在英国小镇斯特拉福德逝世;同年,相隔万里的东方,汤显祖在江西临川去世。两位东西方伟大剧作家的先后离世,相距不过百日。四百年来,研究莎士比亚与汤显祖的人千千万万,木心就是其中之一,光是莎剧,他就看过不下五六十遍。他感叹汤显祖“应该成为中国的莎士比亚,可惜没有成。”
时间一晃,已经到了2016年。木心逝世第五年,位于大师故乡乌镇的木心美术馆竣工第一年,巧的是,10月21日,一场名为“莎士比亚/汤显祖”的年度特展,就在这里举行。
这两位大人物逝世400周年之际,关于他们的隔空对话,放在木心的纪念馆里,想想都是件有趣的事。所以,在一个烟雨蒙蒙的下午,我也走进了这场“对话”。
桨声灯影 美在气韵
2016年11月上旬的乌镇,正逢第四届乌镇戏剧节和第三届世界互联网大会中间的间隙。因为不是节假日,所以古镇里有种“闹中取静”的清静。只有偶尔路过三三两两的策展人员,以及已经零零碎碎正在搭台布置的场地,才能让人感到这里马上要成为全世界创新创业的聚焦之地。
木心美术馆位于西栅东面的起点,沿着河道一路向西,就能逐渐走近水乡的热闹。按美术馆馆长、木心弟子陈丹青的描述:“一脚踏上青石板路,一抬头河上悠悠的桨声灯影,容你做一场桃花源梦。”
其实,在木心逝世的2011年,乌镇就开始为他建立美术馆,历时4年。美术馆外形简约壮观,由三五方现代几何造型起伏衔接,横向的不规则外立面表层,清水混凝土均匀的本色,与四周的一池碧水、一片绿丛相映衬,与木心先生说的“风啊、水啊,一顶桥”“一只盒子连着一只盒子”不谋而合。
我到来的时候,小雨又大了些,河道上还起了薄雾。美术馆朦朦胧胧像是漂浮在水面上一般,从2015年11月落成到现在,整个美术馆宛然如新。常年陈列着大量木心的绘画与文学作品,也如这个地方一样安静和闲逸。想起木心生前曾对乌镇“掌门人”陈向宏说的话:乌镇要重视文艺复兴,文艺复兴就是“对生命的兴趣,对生活的兴趣,对人的兴趣”。所以,热爱生命、热爱生活,是整个木心美术馆建筑最能让人感受到的气韵。
但今天的主角,却不是木心,而是600年前的两位戏剧大师。
别样展品 戏文朗诵
其实,要说这次特展的展品有多么“劲爆”,那倒真没有。原因很简单,莎士比亚几乎没有留下确切的遗物。汤显祖位于江西故乡的坟墓毁于五十年前,明清两代的珍本,数亦寥寥。他的画像,相传是清人所绘。现藏苏州昆曲博物馆的一顶头面、一双绣鞋,倒是张充和先生早年在美国饰演杜丽娘时所穿戴。
所以,“小而美”,就成了这次特展刻意营造的氛围,每次只能放20个人进入的展厅里,精心摆放着独特的展品:几位英国老戏骨扮演莎翁角色时曾穿着的戏服、最早的莎翁译作;杜丽娘的凤冠,汤显祖的画像;甚至是墙上木心在《文学回忆录》里谈论莎士比亚,并将汤显祖及元明清三代戏剧家的美学与莎士比亚作比较的字句。“汤显祖是极多情的――艺术家是什么呢?现实生活中用不完用不了的热情,用到艺术中去。”
其中,有几件展品最值得一提,分别是英国皇家莎士比亚剧团提供的1961年版《奥赛罗》、1985年版《奥赛罗》、1987年版《威尼斯商人》中的三件戏服。精巧的做工、别致的造型和充满中世纪情调的风格,让人恍若回到了莎士比亚时代。而一本由浙江省遂昌县汤显祖纪念馆提供的、民国时期上海扫叶山房藏版《牡丹亭还魂记》,更是吸引了不少参观者的目光。此外,伦敦大英图书馆提供的大量历史图像和BBC广播公司以莎士比亚为主题制作的大型专题影像,以及嘉兴市图书馆提供的莎士比亚剧本早期权威译者朱生豪先生手稿,都为特展增色不少。
但如果你以为这场特展只是简单的物品展示,那就把它想得太简单了。
在同样被特展内容打动的著名演员濮存昕的动议、构想、策划下,与特展配套举行的“莎士比亚戏文朗诵会”也在展览同期举行。朗诵会现场,濮存昕特别系上一条金色的印着莎士比亚十四行诗的领带,他回忆起当知青的那些时光,返程需要调函,他站在政委门口挣扎了一个晚上,却始终没有勇气敲门。“那些年,莎士比亚是走进心里的,‘生存还是毁灭’‘奋斗还是妥协’‘进还是退’,这些问题时刻在心里叩问着。”他还援引木心的句子,热情地直呼“威廉,你是仅次于上帝的人”。
除了濮存昕之外,著名表演艺术家宋春丽、陈小艺、胡军、徐涛、任志宏、师春玲等悉数到场,一同朗诵莎翁剧作中震撼人心的片段。
独特立意 旨在高远
其实,翻看汤显祖和莎士比亚的年表,就会发现,生活于同时代的两人,有太多的相似之处:都在戏剧界或戏曲界享有最高地位,都善于从他人著作中取材,都引发了一个时代的思潮,都以批判现实作为作品基调……1930年,日本汉学家青木正儿在著作《中国近代戏曲史》中首次将汤显祖和莎士比亚进行对比,并称其为“东方的莎士比亚”。80多年来,关于两人的比较研究不曾停止过。香港城市大学中国文化中心的郑培凯教授曾在访谈中说:“将莎士比亚和汤显祖放在一起纪念的意义,在于重新思考两人在人类历史发展中,在文化领域、文化的长远发展上的价值。汤显祖及其作品是有待挖掘的宝藏,如何使它们更好地走出国门,才是国人应当认真思考的文化命题。”
所以,在两位大师逝世400周年纪念之日,除了乌镇之外,全世界各地都在举行形式多样的纪念两人的活动:莎士比亚环球剧场在泰晤士河畔新建了37块荧屏,每块都在播放一部特别制作的10分钟的短片,讲述莎翁作品中的经典片段;中国的昆剧团在去英国交流的同时,2016年年初由上海人民出版社出版的汤显祖研究系列书籍,上海古籍出版社重新增补的《汤显祖全集》正在发行;中国文化部主办的《跨越时空的对话》主题展先后在老挝首都万象、埃及首都开罗和坦桑尼亚首都多多玛举行……
但乌镇此次特展,却又与众不同:正因为有了乌镇戏剧节、木心美术馆这样的文化配置和设施,乌镇便与普通的旅游景区拉开了档次。乌镇“掌门人”陈向宏在接受笔者采访时说:“我想让家乡名满天下,但更想让在乌镇长大的孩子,足不出户,就能享受到艺术的熏陶。木心小时候读了很多外国文学,如果他长在封闭的环境里,没有接触到更广领域的东西,我觉得也成就不了他。有了戏剧节、艺术展,未来的乌镇,说不定会有第二个茅盾、木心。”
我想,这也大概就是本次特展最大的意义所在。
The year 1616 saw the fall of two shiniest stars of the time. William Shakespeare, the greatest writer in the English language and the world’s pre-eminent dramatist died in Stratford-upon-Avon at the age of 52, on April 23. Later that year, China’s most remembered dramatist Tang Xianzu left the world in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province. In the course of more than 400 years, the two lived in the hearts of their fans just like they have never left. Artist and writer Mu Xin, a low-profile but highly influential cultural figure in the New York of his time, was one of the hard-core fans of the two.
“It is a shame that the world failed in doing justice to Tang Xianzu as the man deserved, because he qualified as the Shakespeare of China,” Mu Xin noted sadly.
The year 2016 saw the opening of Mu Xin Arts Museum in Wuzhen, the hometown of Mu Xin, who passed away in 2011. Quite coincidentally, a commemorative exhibition paying tribute to Shakespeare and Tang Xianzu kicked off in Wuzhen on October 21.
The gap between the 4th Wuzhen Theater Festival and the 3rd World Internet Conference turned out to be an ideal time to enjoy the most authentic “water town” charm and the iconic Mu Xin Arts Museum, the construction of which took four years to complete. The minimalist design of the museum, with its cool geometric charm adding radiance to the refreshing surroundings, beautifully echoes the aesthetic taste of Mr. Mu Xin.
High quality maintenance since its opening last winter makes the museum look like it was just unveiled yesterday. Several years ago, Mu Xin shared his earnest wishes with Chen Xianghong, designer and chief operator of Wuzhen Scenic Area. “What I call ‘Renaissance’ should be on top of the agenda of the local government; and it is very important to restore the long-lost interest in an artistic life and interpersonal understanding,” Mu Xin warned. The museum has proved a timely action taken to realize the wishes of Mu Xin in his beloved hometown.
Interestingly, there is not much for today’s people to peer into the distant times of Shakespeare and Tang Xianzu, as the two did not leave behind a massive collection of memento. It is also for this reason that the Wuzhen exhibition did not fall into the “glossy”, sensational category.
The lack of sensation, however, did not get in the way of the quality and appeal of the exhibition. In fact, it presents a charming being because of its “boutique” ambience. The exhibits were arranged in an exhibition space that allows entry of a maximum of only 20 people at a time. On the walls there were the abstracts of insightful comparison of the drama aesthetics of Shakespeare and Tang Xianzu from Mu Xin’s . In the eye of Mu Xin, Tang Xianzu was “an extremely sentimental person” and “it is the passion drawn from the real life for use in artistic creation that makes an artist shine”.
A touching episode of the exhibition was a “Shakespeare recital” session, initiated and crafted by famous actor Pu Cunxin, who is an avid fan of Shakespeare. “Shakespeare lived in my heart throughout my younger years, inspiring me forever,” the actor said. The recital saw the appearance of a dozen performing artists including Song Chunli and Chen Xiaoyi.
The first published comparison literature that put Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare together was from , written by Japanese sinologist Aoki Masaru in 1930.
Wuzhen is just one of the venues that brought the two great playwrights back into the modern limelight. In the year 2016, Shakespeare and Tang Xianzu came to life in the world’s most cultural places on the global stage C on the shores of the Thames, in the editorial office of Shanghai People’s Publishing House, in Laos, Cairo and Dodoma, Tanzania, just to name a few.