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小议高考阅读理解题型之推理判断

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曾有人云:单词为“王”、阅读为“后”,笔者深有同感。对于高考考生来说,词汇的重要性自不必多言,阅读理解能力的培养同样显得尤为重要!江苏高考考纲关于阅读理解题型的命题要求是:要求考生读懂简易的英语文学作品、科普文章、公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章并回答相关问题。考生应能:

(1) 理解主旨和要义;

(2) 理解文中具体信息;

(3) 根据上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义;

(4) 根据文中事实和线索作出简单的判断和推理;

(5) 理解文章的基本结构和文脉逻辑关系;

(6) 理解作者的观点、意图和态度;

(7) 根据所读,用恰当的词语补全文章提纲、概括关键内容或作关键词词语转换。

其中(1)~(6)条是针对阅读理解题型而言的,而第(7)条是针对任务型阅读题型而言的。可以看出:阅读理解题的文章题材、体裁多样,题材包括社会、历史、语言、文化、文学、艺术、日常生活等诸多内容,另外选文要求语言地道、内容适宜、长短适中、主题得当;体裁包括记叙文、说明文、应用文、议论文、新闻报道等。考查功能内容多样,主要指三理解(理解主旨要义、理解事实细节、理解篇章结构)和两推测(推测写作意图、推测生词含义)。在高考试题中阅读理解题型是以细节理解题与推理判断题为主的。请看2010~2014年高考英语(江苏卷)阅读理解的考点分布图:

年度细节理解题推理判断题词义猜测题主旨大意题

20108511

20118520

20128421

20138601

20143921

由此不难看出:近几年高考阅读理解题型中推理判断题所占的比率一直很重,尤其是2014年更有加重的趋势!所以,培养学生增强推理判断的能力极其重要!笔者就推理判断题谈谈自己的看法。

实际上,推理判断题是考查考生对文章词语中隐含意思的分析、推理和判断的能力。要求考生在阅读中根据已知信息对文章情节的因果关系、人物的目的动机以及作者的倾向和态度进行合乎逻辑的推理和判断,有时还要结合阅读材料以外的常识去判断。推理判断题主要有四大分类(classification):即推断隐含意义、推断作者观点或态度、推断写作目的和推断文章出处。那么,如何做此四类推理判断题呢?

一、如何推断隐含意义

首先看关键词(key words),这类题干中通常含有infer, suggest, imply, conclude, indicate等标志性词语。请看例一:

Did you ever hear a strange sound coming from the wall? Did it sound like a clock? If so, it may have been made by a beetle. Long ago people thought the ticking meant that someone was about to die. Thus the beetle is called “the deathwatch beetle.”

It can be inferred from the text that the sound of this beetle .

A. pleased people B. surprised people

C. frightened D. excited people

此题题干中就有infer一词;其次注意查读文章细节:文中有die和the deathwatch beetle等字眼;再次进行分析评价:这些词句跟选项中的frightened吻合;最后顺理成章地进行推理判断,可得出答案C。

二、如何推断作者观点和态度

首先看关键词(key words),这类题干中通常含有attitude (towards...); according to the author; think...等标志性词语。请看例二:

Itll be a winwin project. For other countries,the railway network will definitely create more opportunities for business,tourism and so on,not to mention the better communication among those countries.For China, such a project would not only connect it with the rest of Asia and bring some muchneeded resources,but would also help develop Chinas far west.We foresee that in the coming decades,millions of people will migrate to the western regions,where the land is empty and resources unused.

Which of the following words best describes the authors attitude towards Chinas highspeed railway plan?

A. Critical. B. Reserved.

C. Doubtful. D. Positive.

此题题干中就有attitude towards...;再次注意作者表达感彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子,推断出作者的弦外之音。如文中的a winwin project,create more opportunities, not only connect it with... but would also help develop...等词句,可以轻易地得出选项D――positive。表达作者观点和态度的形容词除了positive以外,还有negative,indifferent,optimistic,cautious,pessimistic,surprise,objective,sympathize,subjective,support,admiring,doubt,critical,approve,reserved等。

三、如何推断写作目的

首先看关键词(key words),这类题干中通常含有purpose, intention, aim, goal等标志性词语。请看例三:

The Tall Persons Club Great Britain(TPCGB),which was formed six months ago to campaign for the needs of the tall, has turned its attention to hotels and restaurants. Beds that are too small,shower heads that are too low, and restaurant tables with hardly any legroom all make life difficult for those of above average height, it says.

What is the purpose of the TPCGB campaign?

A. To provide better services.

B .To rebuild hotels and restaurants.

C. To draw public attention to the needs of the tall.

D. To attract more people to become its members.

此题题干中就有purpose一词。从文中to campaign for the needs of the tall, has turned its attention to hotels and restaurants可以得出选项C――To draw public attention to the needs of the tall。此类的设题大致如下:

A. The writers purpose of writing this passage is to .

B. In writing the passage, the author intends to .

C. The writer uses the example of... to show that .

推断写作目的主要是为了to express opinions, to amuse readers, to promote, to call on等等。

四、如何推断文章出处

首先看关键词(key words),这类题干中通常含有be taken from, appear, a part of等标志性词语。请看例四:

Dont wander aimlessly through life. Get confused on your goals, start helping others in need, and live life to the fullest! Life is too short to be anything but happy. Visit my blog and find what youve been missing. Sigh up for my newsletter and get seven free ebooks, too! Read hundreds of articles while youre there in the article section, which is updated daily.

This text must be taken from .

A. a radio program B. a website

C. a newspaper D. a TV program

此题题干中就有be taken from。从文中的blog和ebooks可以轻松地联想到website一词,由此可以得出选项B。此类的设题大致如下:

A. The passage is most likely to be taken from .

B. Where would this passage most probably appear ?

C. The passage is most likely a part of .

表达文章出处的词除了website以外,还有newspaper,advertisement, magazine, blog, booklet, guide, textbook, geography book等等。

综上所述,了解推理判断题的分类、掌握推理判断题的解题技巧可以增强做推理判断题的信心。阅读理解部分是高考试卷的重头戏,因此,提高学生的阅读理解能力尤其是推理判断能力应是教学中的重中之重。教师必须更新教学观念,调整对策,改进教法;教师要精心备好每一堂课,在课堂上教师应设法加大师生双边活动量,有的放矢地提高学生的阅读能力和英语运用能力。要加强对学生进行语篇整体感知能力的训练,从多方面培养学生的思维、记忆、分析、对比、判断和综合能力;要广泛开展课外泛读活动,提倡学生自主学习,对语言知识不超纲且语篇结构复杂,隐含意思较多或寓意深刻的文章要通过分析让学生熟悉设题思路和掌握解题技巧;此外,要对学生的阅读速度和猜测生词进行训练。阅读理解训练中应培养学生的语篇意识、训练学生的阅读理解思维。要求学生坚持每天进行限时限量的阅读训练、每天反复朗读课文、补充范文等,坚持培养语篇意识。假以时日,考生定会获益匪浅!

(作者:李晓华,江苏省金湖中学)