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英语非限是动词有三种形式:动词不定式(The Infinitive)、分词(The participle)和动名词(The Gerun d)。这三种形式都可以用作名词(或短语)的后置修饰语。作后置修饰语的可以是单一非限定动词,也可以是 “非限定动词+状语或宾语”构成的非限定动词短语。本文拟结合笔者多年教学实践,并参考R.Quirk等人著的 "A comprehensiveGrammar of the English Language"(Published in U.S.A by LongmanGroup Limited.1985 )的有关章节(以下简称(CGOEL),就动词不定式作后置修饰语的若干问题进行探讨。
一、动词不定式作限制性后置修饰语
动词不定式作限制性后置修饰语可以有各种不同的时态:
to meet/to have met The girl to be met/to have been met is my sister.
to be meeting
1.不定式作后置修饰语有时只能用主动语态,有时只能用被动语态。有时能用主动语态也能用被动语态, 意思相同,有时又不同。什么时候可以用主动语态,什么时候可以用被动语态,要根据不同的语境来决定。
作后置修饰语的不定式与被修饰的名词存在动宾关系时(即不定式前的被修饰名词是不定式动作的对象) ,用主动语态或被动语态在语义上没有什么区别,如:
This is a difficult question to answer/to be answered.
He is the man to select/to be selected.
如果较多地考虑做动作的人而较少地考虑动作的本身,用主动语态的不定式显得比较自然,如:
This is the best loading port to choose. for us/for you to choose. that we/you should choose.
但在某些情况下,只有用被动语态的不定式才显得自然,如:
He is the only man/to be killed to kill in the accident.
The book to be found/to find in the room is George's.
有时不定式虽然与被修饰的名词存在动宾关系,但又与句子主语或间接宾语存在主谓关系,这时用主动语 态比较妥当,用被动语态的不定式就显得不自然,如:
to do/to be done. I have got a lot of homework
that I can/must do.
to read/to be read. I've given yor the newspaper
that yor can read.
试比较:
Have you anything to take/to be taken?
anything that you take./anything that will
be taken by me or someone else.
如果作表语的不定式与主语存在动宾关系,这时只能用被动语态不定式。下面句子中的不定式被动语态不 宜改为主动语态:
The exercises are to be done in the class.
trucks are to be turned out next month.
但也有例外。下面句子中作表语的不定式虽然与主语存在动宾关系,但习惯上要用主动语态不定式:
The goods are to sell.
He is to blame.
如果我们要将上述不定式与另一个不定式被动语态进行比较,则可以用被动语态。
The flat is to be sold,not to be let.
He is to be blamed,not to be praised.
但在there be结构的句子中,用主动语态不定式或被动语态不定式在意思上无多少差别。如果我们更多地 考虑做动作的人而较少地考虑动作的本身,就用主动语态不定式,如:
There was no time to lose/to be lost.
There are some books to choose/to be choosen.
2.作为后置修饰语的不定式相对应于一个关系分句。不定式在相对应的关系分句中,关系代词不仅可以是 主语,也可以是宾语。此外,不定式转换成关系分句也可由关系副词(作状语)引导,如:
to meet you 作主语:The girl is Mary.
who will meet you
(for you)to ask 作宾语:The girl is my sister.
(whom)you should ask
to start 作状语:The time is at dawn.
when you should strat
作状语的不定式实际上前面省略了“介词+which”。但这是非常正式很少用的结构,如:
The time at which to start is……
The place in which to live is……
3.作后置修饰语的不定式既可以有情态含义,也可以没有情态含义。
当被修饰的名词是不定式的宾语,是可以理解为有情态含义。据CGOEL,被修饰的名词是不定式的宾语,只 能理解为有情态含义,如:
to read The books we should/must read is……
we (are goimg to)read
当在下面的语境中可以理解为无情态含义:
1)只有用被动语态不定式作后置修饰语才自然的句子,如:
to be found/to find The books that can be found in the room is…
that are found
2)被修饰的名词是不定式的逻辑主语,尤其是在不定式所修饰的名词前有一个如:“only,next,last和fi rst……等限制性”之类的词,如:
to travel He was the only man around the world.
who travelled
4.不及物动词不定式作名词后置修饰语,并与名词存在动宾关系时,必须加上一个结构或含义上所需要的 介词,如:
We bought a flat to live in.
The children have got some toys to play with.
有时不及物动词不定式与被修饰的名词存在介词+宾语的关系,这时介词也必须补上,如:
a broom to clean it with/a file to keep sth,in/
a desk to put the books on/a knife to cut sth.with
但修饰place这个词时,在现代英语中可以省略介词。试比较:
find a house to live. Let's
a good place to live(in)/to sit(on)/to go(to).
后place之后跟一个关系分句时,分句中的介词通常不能省略:
That's the place which she works in.
二、动词不定式作非限制性后置修饰语
动词不是式作非限制性后置修饰语不同于作限制性后置修饰语。限制性不定式作后置修饰语转换成关系分 句时,关系代词可以是主语,宾语或与关系副词作状语的关系分句相对应(见一·2)。但非限制性的后置不定 式只限于与关系代词作主语的非限制性关系分句相对应,如:
to be on display The articles, at the exhibition
which are on display
enjoyed fast sale.
三、动词不定式作同位后置修饰语
动词不定式可以作同位后置修饰语,而且是相当普遍的。同位修饰语与被修饰的名词处于同等的地位。同 位后置修饰语也存在限制性与非限制性之分。但与不定式同位的名词通常是抽象的名词,如:
I've made up my mind to go there on foot.
He has a strong desire to be a doctor.
在同位不定式之前,有时可以加wh-词或破折号,如:
The problem whether to accept L/C or D/p remained unsolved.
They all have a common desire-to be university students
但有些区别是值得注意:有些名词只用of介词短语作同位后置修饰语,如:
Is there any possibility of getting there in time?
有些名词只用不定式作同位后置修饰语(如:will,agreement,proposal,resolution等);有些名词则要 视句子的结构,可以用of-短语,也可用不定式作同位后置修饰语(如chance,opportunity,power等)。
关于动词不定式作后置修饰语看起来比较简单,但用起来有时会把握不定,特别是对不同的语境有不同理 解的时候。对这些问题可以作进一步更深入的探讨。