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短文改错的考查要点

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短文错的目的是测试考生发现、判断、纠正一些词法、句法以及语篇中行文逻辑等方面错误的能力。它既能考查考生词汇和语法方面的能力,也能考查考生的阅读理解能力。

一、词法的测试

1.名词。名词单复数的误用,普通格和所有格的区别,名词前需不需要加冠词等。如:

There was a crying need for good cup with handles to suit British habits.

分析:cup为可数名词,且此处是泛指的概念,应该用cup的复数形式cups。

2.冠词。定冠词the 和不定冠词a/an 的区别,不定冠词a 和an 的区别以及冠词的惯用法等。如:

There was a sudden pull at the pole and fish was caught.

分析:and 后要加a,第一次提到的某物,其前应应用不定冠词a,即a fish。

3.形容词和副词。形容词和副词的混用,比较级和最高级的运用,是否误用或多用了相似词等。如:

To make matters bad,now I have to share a room with my younger sister,Maggie.

分析:to make matters worse 是固定搭配,意为“事情更糟的是”,bad 要用比较级worse。

Interesting,it had a connection with the British porcelain industry.

分析:副词放在句首单独使用,修饰全句,形容词“Interesting”应改为副词“Interestingly”。

4.介词。介词与动词或形容词的搭配,介词辨析,介词省略,介词漏用,介词的惯用法等。如:

I’ll think quickly and stand to answer.

分析:stand up 意为“站起来”,是习惯用法,应该在stand后加上up。

Every day,he spends too much time with his work.

分析:spend ... on sth.是一个固定搭配,意为“把……花费在某物上”,with 应该改为on。

5.代词。代词重点考查人称代词的格,指示代词,关系代词与从句的关系,即人称代词用宾格还是用主格,代词前后指代是否一致,定语从句中的关系代词是否误用。如:

He had a deep voice,which set himself apart from others in our small town.

分析:先行词为a deep voice,不是he,用him 作set 的宾语,himself 应该改为him。

Dad lost his job,and as Mom explained,“He was lucky to find other one.”

分析:other意为“其他的”,其用法是“the other+n.”或者(the)others。another意为“又一,另一个”,后跟可数名词或代词,other 应该改为another。

6.动词。动词重点考查时态、语态、主谓一致、非谓语动词的使用、情态动词的运用、动词辨析等。如:

He isn’t good at talk but he gets on well with other people.

分析:at 是介词,后面应跟动名词,talk 应该改为talking。

Do you want to know why we move last week?

分析:根据时间状语last week 可知,应该使用一般过去时,move 应改为moved 。

7.连词。主要考查连词的选择、递进、转折等区别,重点在于理顺句意。如:

We were warned not to cheat again so she would need to see our parents.

分析:so 意为“因此”,表示结果,语境表明要用连词or,表示“要不然”。

That is which other teachers say.

分析:此处应用what 引导表语从句,表示陈述意义,且在从句中作say 的宾语,which 应改为what。

His new job meant I had to say goodbye to my classmates,my school or just everything else I love in the world.

分析:句子中“my classmates,my school” 和just everything else 属于并列关系,无选择含义,or 应改为and 。

8.逻辑关系。句子中平行结构及并列连词的使用错误,固定短语和习惯用语的搭配不当等。如:

I paid visit to Mr. Johnson.

分析:pay a visit to sb.是一个固定搭配短语,意为“看望某人”,pay后的a 不能省略,是惯用法。

I wanted to give up,and my grandfather told me to wait a little longer.

分析:前后两个句子之间是转折关系,and 表示顺承,表示转折关系应使用but,and 应改为but。

However, he was the gentlest man I have never known.

分析:本句意为“他是我曾经认识的最温和的人”,用ever表示“曾经”,never应改为ever。

二、句法的测试

句法的测试包括:主谓语在数上的一致,名词性从句,定语从句,强调句型,句子结构的连贯性、完整性、对等性和逻辑性。如:

Hard work have made him very ill.

分析:hard work 是名词短语作主语,谓语动词应该用单数,have 应改为has 。

Good night and remember, you, dear diary, is my only souvenir from my past life and my only friend.

分析:句子的主语是you,不是dear diary,所以谓语动词应使用are。

三、语篇的测试

1.上下文的时态是否一致,在一种时态中间夹杂着另一种时态,动词谓语与非谓语形式、非谓语动词之间的误用。如:

Felt hungry,we built a fire by the lake and barbecued the fish.

分析:分词作状语时,动词与句子主语之间如果是主动关系,就要用现在分词,“Felt ”应改为“Feeling” 。

2.上下文中的代词是否一致,主要是代词的格与数的错误。如男性代词与女性代词的混用,单数与复数的混用,形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词的混用等。如:

We took ours fishing poles and headed for the lake.

分析:修饰名词,作其前置定语要用形容词性物主代词,ours 应该改为our。

I was eager to see him,but outside her room I stopped.

分析:由前面的him 可知,此处应该用his 与之对应,her 应该改为his。

3. 上下文中的逻辑是否一致:but,and,so,however,otherwise 等一些并列连词和连接副词的误用;before,after,when,until,since 等状语从句引导词的误用;肯定和否定的误用等。如:

Before waiting for about half an hour,I was beginning to get impatiently.

分析:根据前后两个动作之间的先后关系可知,等了大约半个小时后,“我”开始变得不耐烦,“Before”应该改为“After”。

4.上下文中的词、短语、从句的替代是否正确。如:

Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner,that might not be served until 8 o’clock at night.

分析:逗号前为非限制性定语从句,先行词为dinner,指物,that应该改为which。

(责任编校?筑彭益)