小议限制性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法
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摘 要：定语从句在中学阶段的教学中起着举足起重的作用，也是英语学习者必备的基础知识，在高考的各个题型中分布也是很广泛的。本文从定语从句的基础如定语从句的定义，定语从句中的先行词，关系代词和关系副词的用法来论述定语从句。
中图分类号：G632 文献标识码：B 文章编号：1002-7661（2015）14-319-02
一、制性定语从句的作用：
限制性定语从句为先行词在意义上是不可缺少的定语，若去掉，所修饰的主句的内容就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不可用逗号隔开。
二、语从句的定义以及定语从句中的先行词，关系词的概念。
定语从句是指在复合句中，对主句中某一名词或代词起修饰或限定作用的从句。被定语从句修饰或限制的名词或代词叫先行词。连接定语从句和主句并在从句中担任句子成分的词叫关系词。引导定语从句的关系代词有which，that，as，who，whom，whose等，关系副词有when，where，why等。
（1）My teacher helps me a lot who is standing in the corner.
先行词 关系代词（在从句中做主语）
（2）The computer works wonderfully which/that I bought in Nanjing this summer.
先行词 关系代词（在从句中做宾语）
（3）Don’t drink the water which/that hasn’t been boiled.
先行词 关系代词（在从句中做主语）
（4）The boy isn’t in the classroom whose name is Tom.
先行词 关系代词（在从句中做定语）
三、关系代词的用法：
1、which / that
which 指物，that既可指人也可指物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语和表语时不可省略；作宾语可以省略。
（1） His father works in a factory which/that makes TV sets.（2） The film （which）/（that） we saw last night was very wonderful.（3）The boy that is sleeping is Lily’s brother.
注意1：在限制性定语从句中关系词只用that不用which的情况
all，little，few，much，none，something，anything，everything，nothing等不定代词时。
当先行词被all，any，no，much，little，few，every等限定词修饰时。
当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级时，以及先行词被序数词和形容词最高级修饰时。
当先行词被the very，the only，the next，the last等修饰时。
当先行词既有人又有物时。
主句以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。
①All that can be eaten has been eaten up.②You should make use of every minute that is easily wasted.③He was the first person that passed the exam.④It was the best bag （that） I had ever had.⑤This is the very gift that was given by my father.
注意2：关系词只用which不用that的情况在非限制性定语从句中。用在介词之后做宾语，且介词置于句中时用介词+which引导定语从句时。若介词置于句末which/that都可以。
①The book ，which I bought yesterday ，is very interesting.②He returned from abroad，which made his mom happy.③Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born？
注意3：关系代词which和as引导的定语从句。which引导的定语从句先行词可以是名词，也可以是句子的一部分或整个句子；which引导的从句一般置于主句后。as引导的从句可置于句首、句中或句末。通常译为“正如，如同”。当先行词前有as，so，such，the same修饰时，关系词常用as。
①The sun gives us heat and light，which is of great importance to us.②There are violent winds of 120 kilometers per hour or more，which cause huge waves，heavy rain and floods.③As is known to us all，the earth turns around the sun.
2、who/whom指人， who在从句中作主语；whom在从句作宾语，whom也可省略。但口语中有时也可用who 代替whom作宾语。
（1）The girls who weren’t badly hurt in the accident are my classmates.（2） He knew the teacher （whom） we met yesterday.
注意：whom做介词宾语时，这时用介词+whom引导。介词也可置于句末。
The engineer with whom my father works is about 50 years old.
The engineer whom my father works with is about 50 years old.
He is the only person to whom I can turn for help when I am in trouble.
He is the only person whom I can turn to for help when I am in trouble.
whose的先行词既可指人也可指物，whose在从句中修饰名词作定语。
注意：（1）whose引导的定语从句先行词指人时，从句中的whose+n可替换为the+n+of+whom和of whom+the+n的形式。（2）whose引导的定语从句先行词指物时，从句中的whose+n可替换为the+n+of+which和of which+the+n的形式。
（1）I saw a woman whose bag was stolen .（2）How many students are there in your class the homes of whom are in the country？ （3）Please show me the book whose cover is green.
四、关系副词的用法：
1、When引导的定语从句的用法
当表时间的名词做定语从句的先行词时且这个时间名词在从句作状语时，用when引导定语从句，when也可替换为表时间的介词（on/in/at/during等）+which。但是当表时间的名词在从句中作主语或宾语时，用that/which引导定语从句，作宾语时也可省略关系词。故学会判断时间名词在从句中的句子成分是关键。
（1）This is the day when/on which I first went abroad.（2）This is the day （that）/（which） I will never forget.（3）I’ll never forget the day when/on which my brother was born.（4）I’ll never forget the days （that）/（which） we spent together .
2、where引导的定语从句的用法
当表地点的名词做定语从句的先行词时且这个地点名词在从句作状语时，用where引导定语从句，where也可替换为介词+which。但是当表地点的名词在从句中作主语或宾语时，用that/which引导定语从句，作宾语时也可省略关系词。故学会判断地点名词在从句中的句子成分是关键。（下转第323页）