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透过英语高考题,浅析it的应用和理解

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在2015全国课标卷Ⅱ中,完形填空中第二段的第一句是:It seemed that something clicked with the girls between Saturday and Sunday. 空缺处的词根据上下文很快能填上,但是这句话如何理解?it该怎么理解?这个疑问使我对it的用法更加关注起来,所以在这里,从近年高考题中摘取一些句子来分析it的用法和理解。

1. 历年高考试题

(1) Late in the evening the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husband’s name and was asking him a lot of questions. (2014年全国新课标卷阅读理解A篇第4段). 在it所在的句子中有stranger, 后句中有he ,显然,it指的是“陌生人”,在这里,it的用法是当不知对方是谁的情况下,it用来指人。

(2) We didn’t know at that time that there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it. (2014全国课标卷阅读理解B篇第1段),意思是在那时我们根本不知道还有一个环境这回事,更别说有什么环境问题了,it指代上文中提到的environment。

(3) Twenty-five years ago, there were hardly any education programs for it’s hard to find a public school, university, or law school that does not have such a kind of program. (2014全国课标卷阅读理解B篇第5段) it 作形式主语,真正主语是to find ...

(4) I thought it would be very useful for him to learn Chinese at an early age. (2014全国课标卷阅读理解C篇第2段) 这是一个宾语从句, it 是宾从中的主语,用到了it is +adj. + for sb. to do sth. 在这里,it指代动词不定式结构to do sth.。

(5) It is expected that American demand for au pairs will continue to rise in the next few years. (2014全国课标卷阅读理解C篇第5段) 此处it是形式主语,指代that从句,用到了“It is +过去分词+that从句”。

(6) It was impossible for Joe to climb back or for Simon to pull him up. (2014全国课标卷完形填空第2段)用了“It is + adj. + or sb. +to do sth.”结构。

(7) Simon had returned to the camp at the foot of the mountain .He thought that Joe must be dead but he didn’t want to leave immediately three days later in the middle of the night, he heard Joe’s voice. He couldn’t believe it. Joe was there a few meters from their tent, still alive. (2014全国课标卷完形填空最后一段) 这里的it是指示代词,指的是上文提到的he heard Joe’s voice这个情况,他不能相信这个情况,因为前文中说He thought that Joe must be dead这个想法。

以上所有关于it的用法全都出现在2014全国课标卷这一张卷子当中,可见,it的应用范围很大。

2. it的用法总结

(1) it作人称代词,代替前文提到的事物或指代性别不详的人。如例1,it指的是“陌生人”。

(2) it作指示代词,指代this或that,代表前面已经提到的或将会发生的某件事情。如例7,it指的是他不能相信Joe还会发出声音还没有死这个情况。

(3) it作非人称代词,指代时间、日期、温度、季节、距离、金钱、天气、环境等。

(4) it作形式主语,用doing sth, to do sth, that从句作真正主语。如例5,It is expected that American...例6, It was impossible for Joe to climb...

(5) it作形式宾语,常跟在think, find, make, believe等动词之后作形式宾语。

(6) it用于强调句结构中。It is +被强调部分+that/who+其他;It is not until +被强调部分+that+其他。

(7) 和it 搭配的常用固定短语。it depends 看情况而定;make it 成功了,做到了;believe it or not 信不信由你;that’s it 到此为止,受够了,对啦;take it easy 别紧张;it’s up to you 由你来定;as it were 也就是;let it be 顺其自然;have it 知道,获悉;keep at it 继续做,不放弃;worth it 有好处,值得做;take it or leave it 要么接受,要么放弃。

(8) it 的常用固定句式。

It hits sb. that... 某人突然想起……

It strikes sb. that... 某人突然想起……

It occurs to sb. that... 某人突然想起……

It happens to sb. that... 某人碰巧……

It takes sb. some time to do sth. 花费某人一段时间去做某事

It seems that sth. clicked with sb. that...似乎某人领悟到了……

从上述的分析和总结可以看出,it的应用范围虽然广泛,但还是有规律可循的,只要我们留心观察,用心做题,提高阅读熟练度,我们就能很好地去应用和理解it的用法。

(作者单位:新疆乌鲁木齐市十九中学)