首页 > 范文大全 > 正文

基于地统计学的资源环境调查方法研究综述

开篇:润墨网以专业的文秘视角,为您筛选了一篇基于地统计学的资源环境调查方法研究综述范文,如需获取更多写作素材,在线客服老师一对一协助。欢迎您的阅读与分享!

摘要 资源环境调查方法是充分了解资源环境现状的必要前提,是合理规划以及可持续利用资源环境的有效保障,是全面掌控资源环境未来发展的重要依据。众多科研工作者就资源环境调查方法展开了大量的探讨和研究,研究的方法主要是基于统计的资源环境调查方法,其发展和应用在国内外资源环境研究领域已经比较成熟,通过总结国内外的研究进展,对明确该类方法的应用前景和未来发展方向会十分有益。

关键词 地统计;资源环境;调查方法

中图分类号 K903;P962 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-5739(2016)09-0308-02

Abstract Resources and environment survey is necessary precondition for fully understanding the present situation of natural resources and environment,and provides effective indemnification for the rational planning and sustainable use of resources and environment,it is also an important basis for comprehensive control over future development of the resources and environment.Many researches on the survey methodology of the resources and environment had been discussed and researched,they are mainly based on geostatistical methods,their developments and applications in the field of resources and environment research are relatively mature at domestic and foreign.By summing up the research progress of such methods,it is very useful for clear-cutting the potential applications and future directions of such methods.

Key words geostatistical;resources and environment;survey methodology

资源环境的产生是由人们对自然资源到环境资源认识的一种深化,几乎所有的自然资源都构成人类生存的环境因子。自然资源是指在一定的时空范围内,可供人类利用的表现为各种相互独立的静态物质和能量,而环境资源则是静与动的统一体,这些资源包括矿产能源资源、土地资源、水资源、森林资源、海洋资源、草地资源、野生动物资源、再生资源、环境资源等。这些资源环境的损失评估、规划管理、保护决策等都离不开对这些资源的调查和监测,计算机技术的飞速发展为资源环境调查领域提供了新的途径和方法。目前已经有很多的研究成果能够实现详尽的调查监测方法,并最终优化样点布设方案,如传统的调查方法、基于地统计的调查方法、基于计算机模拟的调查方法等;所采集的数据经过人工数字化录入或者基于物联网的数据采集系统智能录入数据库等,然后运用地统计学相关技术绘制数据插值获取区域内相关数据的全局变化图或者趋势图等,为相关决策方案的制定提供数据支持。

1 地统计学概述

1.1 理论基础

矿物学家 D.R.krige最早将地统计学应用于南非金矿的查找工作中,而该方法的理论是法统计学家G.Matheron 创立的,有一套完善的理论体系作为基础,即在二阶平稳假设和本征假设的前提下,将区域化变量作为基本概念,以变差函数为工具,通过基本公式如估计方差、离散方差等的计算实现克里格方法。

地统计学理论的提出为资源环境调查提供了新的思路和方法,并促使这些方法在地统计学理论的蓬勃发展下越来越完善[1-3],发展至今,理论技术已经非常坚实,实用的数学工具数量也非常多。地统计学的应用非常广泛,能够对空间数据进行最优无偏内插,模拟空间数据的离散性及波动性,研究空间分布数据的结构性和随机性、空间相关性和依赖性、空间格局与变异。

1.2 发展及应用

地统计学的组成部分有2个,分别为分析空间变异与结构的变异函数及其参数和空间局部估计的Kriging(克里格)插值法,广泛应用于土壤、地质、生态、地球物理等方面。在气象领域的主要应用是使用Kriging法进行降水、温度等要素的最优内插的研究及气候对农业影响方面的研究。在资源环境调查方法的设计中,较为流行的方法是克里金方法。国内外很多学者结合已有的方法和日趋成熟的地统计理论创造出了大量的设计方法和评价指标,前者如随机选择法(Naive)[4]、枚举法(Enumeration)[5]、序贯法(Sequential Selection)[6]、模拟退火法(Simulated Annealing,SA)[7-9]、空间均衡布样(Generalized Random Tessellation Stratified,GRTS)[10]、适应性抽样(Adaptive Cluster Sampling)[11]等,后者如Kriging方差最小化准则(Minimization of the Ordinary Kriging Variance,MOKV)[12]、WM准则(Warrick-Myers-criterion)[13]、平均最短距离最小化准则(Minimization of the Mean of the Shortest Dista-nces,MMSD)[7,14-15]、极大熵准则(Maximum Entropy,ENT)[16]、分形维度(Fractal dimension)[17]、均方距离准则(Mean squared distance to sides,vertices,and boundaries)[18]等。这些指标和方法在生态[19]、海洋[20]、渔业[21]、林业[22]、农业[23]、人口健康调查[24]、环境[25]、土壤[26]以及水资源[27]等方面得到了广泛的应用。

[6] JOURNEL A G.Nonparametric geostatistics for risk and additional samp-ling assessment[J].Principles of Environmental Sampling American Che-mical Society,1988:45-72.

[7] SIMBAHAN G C,DOBERMANN A.Sampling optimization based on sec-ondary information and its utilization in soil carbon mapping[J].Geod-erma,2006,133(3):345-362.

[8] WIENS D P.Robustness in spatial studies ii:minimax design[J].Envi-ronmetrics,2005,16(2):205-217.

[9] PAPRITZ A,WEBSTER R.Estimating temporal change in soil moni-toring:II.Sampling from simulated fields[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2005,46(1):13-27.

[10] STEVENS D.Variable density grid-based sampling designs for contin-uous spatial populations[J].Environmetrics,1997,8(3):167-195.

[11] THOMPSON S K.Factors influencing the efficiency of adaptive cluster sampling[M].Center for Statistical Ecology and Environmental Statistics,Pennsylvania State University,1994.

[12] BERTOLINO F,LUCIANO A,RACUGNO W.Some aspects of detection networks optimization with the kriging procedure[J].Metron,1983,41(3):91-107.

[13] WARRICK A,MYERS D.Optimization of sampling locations for variog-ram calculations[J].Water Resources Research,1987,23(3):496-500.

[14] WEBSTER R,OLIVER M A.Geostatistics for environmental scientists[M].Wiley,2007.

[15] JW V G,W S,A S.Constrained optimisation of soil sampling for minim-isation of the kriging variance[J].Geoderma,1999,87(3):239-259.

[16] BANJEVIC M,SWITZER P.Optimal network designs in spatial statistics[J].Department of Statistics,Stanford University,2004:1-14.

[17] HASTINGS H M,SUGIHARA G.Fractals.A user's guide for the natural sciences[J].Oxford Science Publications,Oxford,New York:Oxford Un-iversity Press,1993.

[18] STEVENS JR D L.Spatial properties of design-based versus model-based approaches to environmental sampling;proceedings of the Proc-eedings of Accuracy 2006[C]//The 7th international symposium on spatial accuracy assessment in natural resources and environmental sciences,2006.

[19] STARK K E,ARSENAULT A,BRADFIELD G E.Variation in soil seed bank species composition of a dry coniferous forest:spatial scale and sampling considerations[J].Plant Ecology,2008,197(2):173-181.

[20] NAKAMOTO S,FANG Z,MATSUURA T,et al.Spatial sampling req-uirements for tropical Pacific sea surface temperature variability[J].Journal of geophysical research,1994,99(C9):18363-18370.

[21] GUST N,CHOAT J H,MCCORMICK M I.Spatial variability in reef fish distribution,abundance,size and biomass:a multi-scale analysis[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2001,214:237-251.