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摘要:高考中短文改错一直是学生应考时失分较多的题型,是对学生综合运用英语能力的全面考查,它所包含的内容不仅是语法中的词法和句法,而且还有篇章结构和行文逻辑等。所以一直以来都是学生们颇感棘手的难题。但是如果经过合理的指导,学生们完全可以熟悉其核心的命题思路和解题技巧,从而取得理想的成绩。
关键词:短文改错解题技巧
短文改错是十多年来高考英语试题必考的一种题型,旨在测试考生发现、判断、纠正文章中错误的能力,包括考生的词法、句法及语篇结构等方面的知识。此题覆盖面广,而且比较灵活,要求考生具备比较扎实的基本功,所以是广大考生失分较多的一道题。如何快速有效地做短文改错题?下面以2011和2012年的高考题为例,介绍一些解题方面的技巧:
2012年高考英语(全国卷Ⅱ)改错题
Dear Editor,
Im writing to tell you opinion about water saving.76.
Water is important. We, as well as animal, cannot live77.
without water and neither agriculture or industry can go78.
without it. Yet it seemed water is becoming less and less.79.
Many countries in the world find we dont have enough water.80.
To deal with a problem, I think, we should first go all81.
out to plant trees though trees will help save water. Next, no82.
drinking water should be left running. Third, we should find83.
ways to reuse the water using in washing, especially bath84.
water for which is quite a lot, and that will save much water.85.
Sincerely,
Li Hua
2011年高考英语(全国卷Ⅰ)改错题
One of my unforgettable memory of my school in76.
Xinjiang is that of lunches we brought from our homes.77.
I hold my lunchbox in my hand when I was going to78.
school. The smell from it was very good. Since the lunch79.
bell finally rang, my friends and I met under a tall tree80.
and had our lunches. My best friend Aigulie was used81.
to share her Nang with me. Nang is a specially kind of82.
cake in Xinjiang. I like them very much. Now Aigulie and83.
I study at different colleges or we can only see each other84.
during the summer vacation. I think over her a lot and I miss85.
the food and the good time we had together.
一、通读全文
快速浏览全文,掌握文章的大意, 通过浏览全文,锁定其主体时态和人称。因为任何体裁和题材的文章都是发生在一定的时态背景下的,这样第二遍阅读时就会注意到有无人称和时态的错误。如2012 年卷是一封信,以一般现在时、第一人称为主,所以79题seemed应改为seems,80 题we指代错误,应改为 they。2011 年卷则是一篇回忆录,以一般过去时为主,78 题 hold应改为 held。
二、注意分词的用法
分词可以作定语、状语、宾语补足语、表语,现在分词表主动进行,过去分词表被动完成。所以当看到用了现在分词或过去分词的句子时,根据句意及用法判断是否用反了。如2012 年卷84 题using 应改为used 作定语,因为water与use构成被动关系。再如Time is limited,而不是Time is limiting。
2013浅谈如何有效地做短文改错题第3期三、名词要留意单复数
名词有单复数之分,在有的句子中会出现名词数的错误。尤其要留意有one of + n.(复数) 或 the one of +n.(单数)的句子中查看名词是否用错。 如2012年卷77题 animal 应改为 animals,2011 年卷76题 memory 应改为 memories。
四、形容词、副词的用法
根据词的搭配关系,我们知道副词修饰动词或形容词,形容词修饰名词。另外形容词和副词还有比较级和最高级。所以在遇到形容词和副词时应考虑它们的用法。如2011 年卷82题specially应改为 special,此题中kind 为名词。再如English is widely used all over the world.
五、并列词的使用
并列词有and、but、or等,根据句意应选择合适的并列词。另外还要注意并列词前后的词性要一致。如2011 年卷84题 or 要改为and。
六、从句中关系词的使用和定语从句中的主谓一致
对于含有从句,尤其是有定语从句的句子,根据句意和语法一定要查看关系词是否用错。如2011年卷79 题since 应改为when。再如句子Now I live in Briton,a small town,that has a population of around 30,000。应将that改为which来引导非限定性定语从句。
七、冠词的使用
要么用错,要么多加或遗漏。 如2011 年卷77题 of 后加the。再如在句子I cant be more glad and excited to hear that you are paying visit to us中,pay a visit to 是固定搭配,所以paying 后应加a。
八、固定搭配错误
如2012 年卷78题 neither … nor,either … or。
九、介词的使用错误
如An accident happended in the corner of Main Street this morning,when the ground was wet after a heavy rain.in 应改为at。再如句子A tour bus carrying high school children from Boston ran off a highway in Friday morning,killing four children and injuring more than 30 people.in 应改为on。
十、主谓一致错误
主谓一致包括语法一致、意义一致和就近原则。如Telling him what not to do,in many case,are actually telling him to go and do it.该句的主语是动名词短语Telling him what not to do,所以将are 改为is。再如句子every boy and girl show great interest in extracurriculum activities中,根据语法一致谓语动词要用shows。
以上便是短文改错题所涉及到的高频考点,也是中学生在写作中经常出现的错误。所以老师们在平时的复习和训练中让学生们注意词不离句、句不离篇,要特别注意词的用法、搭配和语法的加强。