高考动词和动词短语概略
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动词描述关键的事件和动作，是叙事表意的核心，在单句及语篇理解中都起着无可替代的作用，因而分析一个句子时应首先明确其中的动词（谓语动词和非谓语动词）。例如，2016年全国II卷阅读理解C篇中的这句话“Then the person leaves it in a public place， hoping that the book will have an adventure， traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.”该句共有“leaves”“hoping”“will have”“traveling”“finds”5个动词，只要明确这5个动词在句中的地位，该句的理解便化难为易了。“the person leaves it in a public place”是主句，“hoping that ...”为非谓语动词短语作状语，表示伴随状况，其中hope带有that引导的宾语从句，该从句中含有一个作状语的非谓语动词短语“traveling ...”，且“each new reader”带有who引导的定语从句。据此，该句可理解为“然后，这个人把书放在一处公共场所，希望它会经历一次冒险，随发现它的每一位读者去各处旅行。”
在高考命题中，动词的各种形式一贯都是考查的重点，主要涉及动词和动词短语、情态动词、动词的时态和语态、虚拟语气和非谓语动词等。本文将讨论动词和动词短语在高考命题中的主要考点。
我们不仅要在阅读理解中准确定位动词和动词短语的作用，理解长难句，以完成阅读理解题，更要完成设置于完形填空、语法填空、单项填空（2016年设置这种题型的有北京、天津、浙江、江苏4份试卷）、短文改错等题型中有关动词和动词短语的考查项目。
一、动词和动词短语在完形填空中的考查
我们先来探讨一下2016年三份全国卷中“动词和动词短语”考点的具体情况（保留原题号）。根据三份全国卷的题型特点，动词和动词短语的考点主要分布在完形填空中，具体情况见下表：
【考例1】2016年全国I卷完形填空
One morning in 2009， Larry was 41
along I65 north ... Larry pulled over， set the brake and 47 the fire extinguisher （灭火器）. Two good bursts from the extinguisher and the fire was put out.
The man who had his bright lights on 48
and told Larry he had 49 an emergency call... 51 the vehicle， they saw that a woman was trying to get out of the broken window. … she thought the car was going to 54 .
Once fire and emergency people arrived， Larry and the other man 56 and let them go to work.
41. A. walking B. touring
C.traveling D.rushing
47. A. got hold of B. prepared
C. took charge of D. controlled
48. A. came down B. came through
C. came in D. came over
49. A. returned B. received
C. made D. confirmed
51. A. Starting B. Parking C. Passing D. Approaching
54. A. explode B. slip away C. fall apart D. crash
56. A. stepped forward B. backed off C. moved on D. set out
解析：41. C。开篇交代故事发生的时间、地点。Larry正驾车沿着I65号公路往北行驶，故用travel。
47. A。当Larry注意到路边被毁的车下面窜出火苗时，靠边停车，拉好手刹，拿出灭火器，开始灭火。get hold of意为“找到（所需东西），拿着，握着”，与语境相吻合。prepare意为“准备”，与Larry停车、拉手刹的动作衔接不上，take charge of“负责，掌管”，control“控制”均与语境不符。
48. D。49. C。这时候将车亮着大灯的人过来（come over）告诉Larry他已经打过急救电话。come down“下降，降低”，come through“（重病后）康复”，come in“进来，参与，参加讨论”。“打电话”是make a call。
51. D。根据“They 50 （then） heard a woman’s voice coming from the wrecked vehicle”，听到女子的声音，于是他们靠近（approach）那辆车，看见一个女子正试图从破碎的车窗爬出来。
54. A。那个女子“以为车要爆炸（explode）”。slip away“悄然离开”；fall apart“破碎，崩溃”；crash“撞车，坠毁”均不符合题意。
56. B。当消防人员和急救人员赶到现场时，Larry和另外那个人便往后退（back off），让他们去施救。step forward“向前迈一步”；move on“继续前进”；set out“出发”均不符合题意。
【考例2】2016年全国II卷完形填空
Hundreds of people have formed impressions of you through that little device （装置） on your desk. And theyve never actually 41 you. Everything they know about you 42 through this device， sometimes from hundreds of miles away ...
... But her cold voice really 48 me. I sometimes wished to 49 another agent.
One morning， I had to 50 an immediate flight home for a family emergency ... The woman sitting at the desk， 52 my madness， sympathetically jumped up.
41. A. accepted B. noticed
C. heard D. met
42. A. came B. moved C. ran D. developed
48. A. annoyed B. interested
C. discouraged D. confused
49. A. promote B. train C. find D. know
50. A. arrange B. postpone
C. confirm D. book
52. A. expecting B. seeing
C. testing D. avoiding
解析：41. D。根据“Hundreds of people have formed impressions of you through that little device（装置） on your desk.”及“Rani， my faceless agent whom I’d never met ...”可知，作者是说“他们事实上从未见过你”，故选D。
42. A。该句承接上文，意为“他们所了解的你的一切都是通过这个小小装置（电话）才有的”。此处come意为“发生，出现”，故选A。
48. A。49. C。第二段中“我”对这位旅行冷淡的声音很是不悦，因而有时希望另找一位。
50. D。“我”因家中急事需要立即预订机票回家。
52. B。“我”这一次没有电话联系，而是第一次跑进Rani的办公室去面洽订票事宜，所以才有Rani看到“我”着急上火的样子。
【考例3】2016年全国III卷完形填空
That meant 41 Miller King， ...
That season， I 46 all of Miller’s records while he 47 the home games from the bench.
One afternoon， I was crossing the field to go home and saw Miller 50 going over a fence … I 53 him move slowly over the fence.
... I was right to have 59 him ...
41. A. cheering for B. beating out
C. relying on D. staying with
46. A. held B. broke
C. set D. tried
47. A. reported B. judged
C. organized D. watched
50. A. stuck B. hurt
C. tired D. lost
53. A. let B. helped
C. had D. noticed
59. A. challenged B. cured
C. invited D. admired
解析：41. B。 要想成为校足球队的明星就意味着要打败（beat out）Miller King这位最出色的足球运动员。cheer for“为……喝彩”；rely on“依赖，信赖”；stay with“和……待在一起”均不符合题意。
46. B。47. D。那个赛季“我”打破了（break）Miller的所有记录，而他只能坐在运动员休息区看（watch）主场比赛。
50. A。Miller失去右臂，因而很难翻过围栏。此处stuck为动词stick的-ed形式作saw的宾语补足语，表示“我”看见Miller翻越围栏时被卡住了。句中“going over a fence ...”作状语。
53. B。“我”帮助Miller慢慢地翻过了围栏，故用help。
59. D。该句位于结尾部分，呼应前文，表示“我钦佩（admire）Miller是对的”。
二、动词和动词短语主要考点
1.动词的考点主要涉及连系动词、及物动词和不及物动词等基础语法知识。首先，应从其词义入手学习动词的相关知识，将掌握动词的基本词义作为第一要务，然而，要在文章中准确地敲定合适的措辞，最为关键的还是紧密结合文本语境，切忌断章取义。在完形填空中，尤其要明确认识作者的措辞都是为中心服务的，命题者通常依据这一点设置干扰项。有时将某一句话从文中抽取出来极有可能不止一个选项正确。学生只有将该空缺置于文章当中，充分理解作者的行文逻辑，才能确定唯一答案。如上述全国II卷第41小题“theyve never actually 41 you”，第48小题“her cold voice really 48 me”。如果孤立地看这两句话就远不止一个词可用了。假如学生片面地理解了这两句话，选错也是自然的事。
单句的考查也是如此。
【考例1】 When the time came to make the final decision for a course， I decided to apply for the one that ________ my interest.（2016年浙江卷）
A. limited B. reserved
C. reflected D. spoiled
解析：C。“that reflected my interest”为定语从句修饰“the one”，意即“反映我的兴趣的课程”，根据文本语境可知选C。
【考例2】He did not _______ easily， but was willing to accept any constructive advice for a worthy cause. （2016年江苏卷）
A. approach B. wrestle
C. compromise D. communicate
解析：C。根据文本语境“他不轻易妥协，但为了值得付出的事业他乐于接受任何建设性的建议”，可知选compromise与accept相对应，连词but是理解的关键。
其次，要理解动词的分类及用法。动词按其句法功能分为主动词和助动词（助动词在时态和语态、情态动词中讲解）。大多数的主动词都是“两栖类”。下面从动词的分类讲解相关的考点。
①理解连系动词。
连系动词表示主语的性质、状态、身份等，有be，look，seem，appear，smell，sound，feel，keep，remain等，或主语性质或状态的变化，有become，get，grow，turn，prove，go等。其中大多数是“两栖类”，既可作连系动词也可作实义动词。
These oranges taste nice.
Ive got a cold so I cant taste what Im eating.
②理解及物动词与不及物动词。
不及物动词后面接介词或副词，变成动词短语后则有可能是及物动词。
大多数动词既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词。
He’s learning how to play the flute.
The child is learning quickly.
既可以接单宾语也可以接双宾语。
I need to buy some new clothes.
Ed’s parents bought that new computer for him. They bought him that new computer.
既可以接宾语也可以接复合宾语。
I can’t find my cell phone.
I find it difficult to learn English well.
【考例】 My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich ...（2016年全国I卷，短文改错）
解析：句中dream作及物动词时只接that从句，不然则是不及物动词，如果接名词、代词、动词-ing形式应在其后加上介词of/about，构成动词短语。
2. 动词短语即动词与其他词类（多为介词和副词）搭配所构成的固定词组。在选择题中考查时多半出现相同的动词与不同的介词/副词搭配，或者相同的介词/副词与不同的动词搭配，或动词和后面所接的介词/副词无一相同。复习过程中应特别巩固记忆高中阶段所学的常用动词短语的含义。动词短语的常见搭配有以下三大类：
①动词+介词。如ask for“请求，征求”，look into“调查”，fall off“掉下来”等。此类动词短语相当于及物动词，其后需接宾语。相似的结构如“动词（+宾语）+介词”“动词+名词+介词（+宾语）”“动词+反身代词+介词”也可以归入此类，如informof sth“告知某人某事”，take care of“照顾”，devote oneself to“专心于，致力于”等。
②动词+副词。此类动词短语可以相当于及物动词，如call up“打电话给某人”，也可以相当于不及物动词，如come out“出版”。相当于及物动词时，如果宾语是名词，则宾语的位置可以在动词短语中间，也可以在动词短语之后；但宾语为代词时，该代词只能位于动词短语中间。
He called up his travel agent. = He called his travel agent up.
He called her up.
③动词+副词+介词。此类动词短语相当于及物动词，其后需接宾语。如put up with“忍受”，look forward to“期盼”，be fed up with“厌倦”，keep/catch up with“跟上，赶上”等。
【考例1】 Many businesses started up by college students have _______ thanks to the comfortable climate for business creation. （2016年江苏卷）
A. fallen off B. taken off
C. turned off D. left off
解析：B。根据“thanks to the comfortable climate for business creation”可知，许多大学生创办的企业已经获得了成功，故用take off。
【考例2】Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she _______ her opinion on the subject. （2016年天津卷）
A. gave voice to B. Kept an eye on
C. turned a deaf ear to D. set foot on
解析：A。根据“silent during the early part of the discussion”，以及连接前后分句的连词but可知，Mary最终说出了自己的观点，give voice to意为“表达（想法等）”。
【考例3】Im going to ________ advantage of this tour to explore the history of the castle. （2016年天津卷）
A. put B. make
C. take D. give
解析：C。本题考查take advantage of“利用”，故本题选C。
【考例4】I hate it when she calls me at work ― Im always too busy to _________ a conversation with her. （2016年天津卷）
A. carry on B. break into
C. turn down D. cut off
解析：A。“carry on a conversation”相当于“have a conversation”，故选carry on“进行，继续做”。
三、提优训练
（一）选词填空
1. The two things that _______ your life are the people you meet and books you read.
2. If you are a fruit grower―or would like to become one―_______ advantage of Apple Day to see whats around.
3. Lead poisoning has _______ more difficult to deal with.
4. If students _______ administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern， they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.
5. They have a different kind of superpower that all of us _______： the power to make a difference in the lives of others.
6. The team are working hard to ______ the problem so that they can find the best solution.
7. Dont worry. Im sure your missing glasses will turn ______ sooner or later.
8. If steel is heavier than water， why are ships able to______ on the sea？
9. Tom had to turn ______ the invitation to the party last weekend because he was too busy.
10. See， your computer has broken down again！ It doesnt ______ sense to buy the cheapest brand of computer just to save a few dollars.
（二）语法填空
Have you ever had trouble 1 （sleep） in a new place？ Lots of people do. Researchers found that one-half of the brain remains 2 （wake） than the other half when people are trying to sleep in a new place. This appears a case of the brain 3 （keep） people ready for trouble in a new place.
The researchers 4 （measure） brain waves for 35 volunteers over two nights in a lab. The two nights 5 （be） a week apart. They found during the first night the left side of the brain was more active than the right side.
Researchers did not keep measuring brain waves all night long. So they dont know if the left side keeps “watch” all night， or 6 it works in shifts （轮班） with the right side later in the night. They also dont know why the extra brain activity is always 7 the left side.
For some， this research may be calming. It is good to know that our brain is looking out
8 us in a new place. But it may not help with sleep. That extra brain activity makes 9
harder to get the sleep people need to wake up well 10 （rest） in the morning.