高考英语阅读理解常考题型解题指要
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根据《英语考试大纲》，考生应熟练阅读不同文体、不同题材的文章，能读懂书、报、杂志中有关一般性话题和说明性话题的简短文章及公告、说明、广告、科普信息等，并能从中获取相关信息。体裁常为：记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文。题材常为：科普说明类、广告类、人物故事类、社会文化类和新闻报道类。通过阅读文章，考生应做到：理解主旨和要义；理解文中具体信息；根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；做出简单判断和推理；理解文章的基本结构；理解作者的意图、观点和态度。
在高考试卷中，阅读理解题占的权重最大。常言道“得阅读者得天下。”只有掌握一定的阅读策略和技巧，我们才能在考试中脱颖而出。
一、传统阅读理解题的命题特点和解题策略
纵观近年的高考英语试卷，传统的阅读理解题主要有四种类型：主旨大意题、细节理解题、猜测词义（句意）和推理判断题。下面从各个题型常见的设题方式进行分析，并总结一些解题策略，希望对考生有所帮助。
（一）主旨大意题
主旨大意题要求考生根据作者的写作意图，归纳文章的主题。主旨大意题属于深层理解题，考生需要在通读全文的基础上，认真概括文章大意，细心揣摩作者的写作意图。值得注意的是，考生应能区分主要信息和次要信息，既要看到树木，又要看到森林，切忌不分主次，本末倒置。
1.设题方式
主旨大意题通常包括概括全文（段落）大意、概括文章话题和选择最佳标题等三种主要的考查方式。常见的设问方式有下列几种：
Which of the following can be the best title for the text？
What might be the best title for the passage？
What is the topic of the text？
What can be a suitable title for the test？
What is the message the writer wants to con-vey in the passage？
The passage is mainly about____？
What is the main theme of the story？
What is the main purpose of the passage？
2.解题策略
高考英语阅读材料都会围绕一个中心话题展开，文中提供了一定的线索和暗示，帮助读者概括主题。
选择最佳标题（话题）类的试题要求考生能准确把握文章的大意，并根据文意进行概括和提炼。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂。选择最佳标题时，我们应从以下三点来把握：（1）概括性。最佳标题应具有很强的概括性，能涵盖文章所涉猎的全部内容。（2）趣味性。最佳标题应具备趣味性的特点，能够吸引读者的眼球，有较高的关注度。（3）针对性。最佳标题的外延应大小适中，不偏不倚，能够揭示全文主旨大意。考生常犯的错误主要是以点带面、以偏概全，把一些事实和细节、与话题相关的陈述当作标题。
下面常用的五种方法可帮助我们正确地概括出文章的主旨大意：
（1）寻找主题段（句）
按照西方人的思维习惯，他们常用演绎法，即先提出重要信息，然后提供详细的材料来论述。很多阅读材料的结构大体符合演绎法的特点，因此，阅读材料的段落首句对于文章主题的把握很重要。当然，也有一些作者喜欢将文章的中心放在段落末句交代，这时，我们应关注段落末尾的内容。
因此，考生应先确定文章的框架结构，然后寻找文章的主题段（句），它能明确地表明全文的中心思想。说明文、议论文和新闻报道类的文章通常有主题句。用演绎法所写文章的主题句通常在文首，用归纳法所写文章的主题句通常在文末。
【真题再现】（2015年新课标II卷阅读理解B篇）
Your house may have an effect on your fig- ure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your envi-ronment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.
Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating， for people are often less self-conscious（难为情）when they’re in poorly lit places-and so more likely to eat lots of food. If your home doesn’t have enough window light， get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.
Mind the colors. Research suggests warm col-ors fuel our appetites. In one study， people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm col-ors like yellow make food appear more appetizmg， while cold colors make us feel less hungry. So when it’；s time to repaint， go blue.
Don’t forget the clock-or the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories（卡路里）per meal than those who rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time， and try to make dinner last at least 30 min-utes. And while you’re at it， actually sit down to eat. If you need some help slowing clown， turn on relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.
Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a lO-inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one， total intake（摄入）jumps by 14 percent. And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liq-uid into a short， wide glass than a tall， skinny glass.
28. What can be a suitable title for the text？
A. Is Your House Making You Fat？
B. Ways of Serving Dinner
C. Effects of Self-Consciousness
D. Is Your Home Environment Relaxing？
【试题分析】本题考查文章的标题，属于主旨大意题。
【思路点拨】本文的结构非常清晰：第一段为导语段，作者引出将要讨论的话题：家庭装修的方式对我们摄人食物的数量有影响。然后，使用两个过渡句“You can make your envi-ronment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.”，巧妙地把话题转移到如何利用居住环境来减少食物的摄人。文章的第二至四段介绍了四种具体的做法，帮助我们尽量减少摄人的食物数量，以便达到减肥的目的。由此可见，文章的主题出现在第一段中，文首的两句话“Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.”就是主题句。根据主题句的暗示，我们就可判断出文章的最佳标题为A，意为“你的家使你发胖了吗？”
（2）寻找关键词
文章出现较多的或重复出现的事物或观点，往往是文章主要讨论的话题，是文章的主题。在阅读过程中，我们应认真揣摩，锁定关键词。
【真题再现】（2014年新课标II卷阅读理解A篇）
Arriving in Sydney on his own from India， my husband， Rashid， stayedin a hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.
During the first week of his stay， he went out one day to do some shopping. He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone. He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers， including his pass-port.
He reported the case to the police and then sat there. lost and lonely in a strange city， think-ing of the terrible troubles of getting all the paper-work organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.
Late in the evening， the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husband’s name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in theirtrash can （垃圾桶）that had been left out on the footpath.
My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents. Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers. Her parents had carefully sorted them out， although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the doc-uments. At last they h ad seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.
That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.
24. Which of the following can be the best ti-tle for the text？
A. From India to Australia.
B. Living in a New Country.
C. Turning Trash to Treasure.
D. In Search of New Friends.
【试题分析】本文考查最佳标题，属于主旨大意题。
【思路点拨】本文主要讲述作者的丈夫从印度来到陌生的澳大利亚的悉尼市，不小心丢失了行李箱。正当作者的丈夫为弄丢了重要证件而惶恐不安的时候，一个陌生人给丈夫打来电话说，他们的女儿在垃圾筒旁边捡到了这些证件。这些本来可能被当作垃圾扔掉的证件，对于这家人来说，简直是无价之宝。陌生人捡到证件，并主动联系他们，使作者和他的家人改变了对澳洲的看法，增强了对未来新生活的信心。文章第五段中的关键词thetrash can和a pile of unfamiliar papers是解题的暗示，因此最佳标题为Turning rrrash to Treasure（变废为宝）。
（3）锁定信号词
为了清晰地阐释文章的主题，作者会用一些信号词。例如，表示转折关系的词、设问句、总结性的词语（however，therefore，thus，in short，in conclusion，in summary等）。我们可以通过这些信号词的提示来锁定文章的主题。
（4）寻找隐藏线索
有些文章的主题作者没有直接表述出来，而是渗透在字里行间。考生应扫读全文，根据字里行间的隐含信息，尝试自己概括总结文章的主旨大意。
【真题再现】（2015年广东卷阅读理解A篇）
Peter loved to shop used articles. Almost a month ago， he bought a popular word game that used little pieces of wood with different letters on them. As he was purchasing it，the salesgirl said，“Uh， look， the game box hasn’t even been openedyet. That might be worth some money.
Peter examined the box， and， sure enough， it was completely covered in factory-sealed plastic. And he saw a date of 1973 0n the back of the box.
“You should put that up for auction （拍卖）on the Internet， and see what happens.”the sales-girl said.
“Yes， you’re right. People like somethingrare.”Peter agreed，“I can’t imagine there beingvery many unopened boxes of this game stillaround 40 years later.”
“Don’t forget to tell me if you sell it.”thesalesgirl smiled.
“No problem.”Peter said.
After he got home， Peter went online to sever-al auction websites looking for his game. But he couldn’t find it. Then he typed in the name of the word game and hit Search. The search result was 543 websites containing information about the changes of the game. Over the years， the game had been produced using letters in different sizes and game boards in different colors. He also found some lists of game fans looking for various versions of the game. Peter emailed some of them， telling them what he had.
Two weeks later， Peter went back to the shop.
“Hello. Do you still remember the unopened word game？”
The salesgirl looked at him for a second， then recognized him and said，“Oh， hil”
“I’ve got something for you，”Peter said.“I sold the game and made $ 1，000. Thank you for your suggestion.”He handed her three $ 100 bills.
“Wow！”the salesgirl cried out.“Thank you， I never expected it.”
30. What is the main theme of the story？
A. It's important to keep a promise.
B. It's great to share in other people’s happiness.
C. We should be grateful for’the help fromothers.
D. Something rare is worth a large amount ofmoney.
【试题分析】本题考查这篇文章的主题，属于主旨大意题。
【思路点拨】通读本文可知，作者讲述了彼得在旧货市场淘来一个20世纪70年代生产的猜字游戏盒，在售货员的建议下，他在网上成功地拍卖，获得1000美元。为感谢售货员给他提出的建议，他送给她300美元作为酬谢。虽然，我们不能从文中找到主题句，但是，通过这个故事，我们可以感悟到做人的道理：我们应知恩图报。故选C。
（5）结合文中的具体事例
有时，为了有力地印证某一个观点，作者会使用一些典型的实例、数据等。因此，我们可以根据文章的具体实例来判断作者究竟想说明一个什么问题。
【真题再现】（2015年湖南卷阅读理解B篇）
In its early history， Chicago had floods fre-quently， especially in the spring， making the streets so muddy that people， horses， and carts got stuck. An old joke that was popular at the time went something like this： A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street. Asked if he needs help， he replies， “No， thanks. I’ve got a good horse under me.”
The city planner decided to build an under-ground drainage（排水）system， but there simply wasn't enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water level. The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city.
An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough con-vinced the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt. This raised the level of the city's streets by as much as 12 feet.
This of course created a new problem： dirtpractically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice： either change the first floors of their build-ings into basements， and the second stories into main floors， or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily. But what about large， heavy structures like Tremont Hotel， which was a six-story brick building？
That’s where George Pullman came in. He had developed some house-moving skills success-fully. To lift a big structure like the Tremont Ho-tel， Pullman would place thousands of jackscrews（螺旋千斤顶）beneath the building’s foundation. One man was assigned to operate each section of roughly 10 jackscrews. At Pullman’s signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time， thereby raising the building slowly and evenly. Astonishingly， the Tremont Hotel stay open during the entire operation， and many of its guests didn’t even notice anything was happening.
Some people like to say that every problem has a solution. But in Chicago’s early history， ev-ery engineering solution seemed to create a new problem. Now that Chicago’s waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River， the city’s next step was to clean the polluted river.
65. The passage is mainly about early Chica-
A. popular life styles and their influences
B. environmental disasters and their causes
C. engineering problems and their solutions
D. successful businessmen and their achieve-ments
【试题分析】本文考查文章的主题，属于主旨大意题。
【思路点拨】本文首先陈述了美国芝加哥市在早期曾经遭受了严重的内涝及其带来的影响。然后，介绍了一个名叫Ellis Chesbrough的工程师提出的解决方案：把排水管铺设在城市的地表，再用泥土覆盖，这样就将地表高度提高了12英尺。这样做引发了一个新的问题即：城市的房屋需要相应地提高到一个新的高度。原来的一层或改为地下室，或需要被抬高。面临新的挑战，工程师George Pullman的创意应运而生，他发明了整体提升房屋的做法。作者举例说明，the Tremont Hotel在正常营业的情况下，被工程师George Pullman的工作团队成功地抬升。那么这篇文章的主题是什么呢？显然作者为读者讲述了芝加哥市在早期发展过程中遇到的工程问题及如何解决了这个问题。因此，本题的最佳答案是C。
（二）细节理解题
细节理解题在阅读理解题中占有较大的比例。细节题要求考生具备快速获取信息的能力，采用有效的阅读策略。在多数情况下，考生可以从原文中找到设题的相关信息，直接检索到答案。在阅读中，我们应特别关注人物、事件、时间、地点、情节的发展、方式以及人物之间的关系、结果和影响。
1.设题方式
细节理解题设题的内容通常涉及以下几个方面：
（1）针对文中的人物提问
Who can take part in the…？
Who will give the talk on…？
（2）针对文中提到的活动设问
What was the author going to do that evening？
What can we learn about…？
What are people encouraged to do at the…？
What happened to…one Sunday afternoon？
What makes_different from…？
What should you know about the…？
What did…plan to do after…？
Which number should you call if you are in-terested in…？
（3）针对文中活动发生的地点设问
Where will…be held？
（4）针对活动发生的时间设问
When is the talk on…？
At what time does Metrorail stop service on Saturday？
（5）针对某事发生的原因设问
What was the main reason for people to kill passenger pigeons？
Why does the lion tamer use a chair？
（6）针对文中提到的活动方式提问
How are the exhibits arranged at the World of Dali？
How did the author finally get his TV set working again？ How did Nicholas keep himself warm？ How does Owain James feel about the gap year phenomenon？
（7）针对某事发生的原因设问
Why did the author say he was fooled into buying the TV set？
Why didn't the writer agree to…at the begin-ning of the story？
Nicholas left Grylls a very deep impressionbecause he___。
（8）对文章中出现的数字提问
What is the total number of students who earned a C or better？
Which of the following cost Amy most？
How much will the magazine pay for…？
2.干扰项的特点
事实细节题的干扰项一般都是关于文中某一细节的错误叙述与论断，我们可先逐个排除干扰项，然后筛选出正确答案。干扰项之所以能对考生造成干扰，是因为命题人使用了一些命题技巧来干扰考生做出正确的判断。
（1）扩大或者缩小范围
文章为了准确严密地表达，作者非常注意对范围的限定，往往通过加上相应的词语进行限制，如涉及到数量时，常用many，almost all，nearly，more than，over，only a few等修饰，有些干扰项是通过改变或去掉限定词语，甚至是扩大或缩小了语言的范围。
（2）偷换概念
偷换概念是在细节题中常用的干扰项设置手法。干扰项中所使用的句子结构、词汇等与原文几乎完全相似，只是在不易引人注意的、非常重要的地方更换了几个词汇，造成句意的改变；或利用原文中的词来重组、编造选项或断章取义，制造疑云，故布迷阵。返回原文，找到相关出处，将选项与出处句进行对照检验，这样偷换概念的选项就一目了然了。
（3）正误并存
在那些干扰项中，往往有一部分的陈述是正确的，但是有个别词语是错误的，或陈述过于片面。由于正误并存，命题者借此以假乱真。因此，那些选项局部有误的，或陈述与原文不符合的，都属于干扰项，应该果断地排除掉二
（4）无中生有
干扰项陈述的内容无法在原文中找到来源和依据。它往往来自生活中的基本常识，或为大家普遍接受的观点，给考生一种“亲切感”，从而导致考生草率做出错误的选择。在遇到这种选项时，考生一定要秉持“答案一定来自原文”的原则，排除“无中生有”的干扰项。尤其是遇到选项中的常识性描述时，一定要提高警惕，切不可掉人命题人的陷阱。
（5）张冠李戴
就是命题人有意地把文中一个人的观点与另一个人的观点混淆起来，或把属于A的特征放在B的身上，从而构成一个干扰项。如果考生稍微不留神，就会错选答案。针对这种选项，“对号入座”就是最佳的“排疑”方案。在阅读时可以用笔将对象标注出来，并将其对应的事件或细节描写对应起来，对号入座，避免混淆，
3.解题策略
在阅读过程中，我们应关注细节信息。通常可采用两种方法：一是先读题，后读文章。在了解问题后，从文章中直接搜寻解答问题的线索；二是边读，边答题。在通读阅读材料时，应留心一些重要的细节。在整体把握文意后，可以一边查看问题，一边与文中的细节进行匹配。具体做法如下：
（1）定位法
我们应根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子，即定位；然后进行比较和分析，尤其要注意一些同义句的转换，从而排除干扰项，找出正确答案。
（2）跳读法
我们应根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，找到相关的句子，然后进行分析和判断，从而确定正确答案。
（3）关注信息词法
根据文章的体裁、篇章结构及有关的信息词，如for example，first，second等提供的信息，确定原文中的信息点。
【真题再现】（2015年新课标I卷阅读理解B篇）
The freezing Northeast hasn’t been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter， so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota， Florida， my bags were packed before you could sav“sun-shine”.1 left for the land of warmth and vitamin C（维生素C），thinking of beaches and orange trees. When we touched down to blue skies and warm air，I sent up a small prayer of gratefulness. Swim-ming pools， wine tasting， and pink sunsets（at nor-mal evening hours， not 4 in the afternoon） filled the weekend， but the best part-particularly to my taste， dulled by months of cold- weather root vegetables-was a 7 a.m. adventure to the Sara-sota farmers’market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call.
The market， which was founded in 1979， sets up its tents every Saturdav from 7 am to l p.m， rain or shine， along North Lemon and State streets. Baskets of perfect red strawberries， the red-painted sides of the Java Dawg coffee truck； and most of all， the tomatoes： amazing， large， soft and round red tomatoes.
Disappointed by many a broken， vine-rip-ened（蔓上成熟的） promise， I’ve refused to buy winter tomatoes for years. No matter how attrac-tive they look in the store， once I get them home they’re unfailingly dry， hard， and tasteless. But I homed in， with uncertainty， on one particular ta-ble at the Brown’s Grove Farm's stand， full of fresh and soft tomatoes the size of my fist. These were the real deal-and at that moment， I real-ized that the best part of Sarasota in winter was go-ing to be eating things that back home in New York I wouldn’t be experiencing again for months.
Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight， my happiness deepened when I learned that Brown’s Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty， a newly opened restaurant at the Sara-sota Ritz Carlton， where-luckily for me-I was planning to have dinner that very night. With-out even seeing the menu， I knew I’d be ordering every tomato on it.
25. What made the author’s getting up early worthwhile？
A. Having a swim.
B. Breathing in fresh air.
C. Walking in the morning sun.
D. Visiting a local farmer’s market.
26. What can we learn about tomatoes sold in New York in winter？
A. They are soft.
B. They look nice.
C. They taste great.
D. They are juicy.
27. What was the author going to do that evening？
A.Eat in a restaurant.
B.Check into a hotel.
C.Go to a farm.
D. Buv fresh vegetables.
【试题分析】以上三题都旨在考查考生对原文中一些具体事实的理解情况，属于考查细节理解题。
【思路点拨】25.根据第一段中的最后一句中的“…the best part…was a 7a.m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers'market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call.”可知，作者早上七点起床去佛罗里达州的萨拉索塔市的集贸市场，看到各种蔬菜和水果，所以她认为旅馆提供的叫早服务非常值得，故选D。
26.根据第三段可知，多年来，作者在冬季不买西红柿。由第三段中的第二句话“No mat-ter how attractive they look in the store， once I get them home they’re unfailingly dry， hard， and taste-less.”可知，在纽约市的冬季，无论西红柿在商店看起来多么好看，但是买回家后，吃起来却没有味道。由此可知，纽约的超市在冬季出售的西红柿看起来非常好看，因此最佳答案为B。
27.根据文章的最后一段可知，看到集贸市场出售的西红柿，作者食欲大增，计划当晚、就去萨拉索塔市一个新开业的餐馆吃饭。在没有看菜单之前，她就决定要吃西红柿。最后一段中的“…one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty，a newly opened restaurant…1 was planning to havedinner that very night.”为解题的暗示，因此最佳答案为A。
（三）猜测词义（句意）题
猜测词义（句意）题旨在考查考生根据上下文提供的语境，正确理解单词、短语或句子的能力。要求考生应用所学的语法知识和词汇知识，根据语境进行分析，判断某个单词、短语和句子的含义。通常有三种命题方式：词义辨析题、词义（句意）转述题和单词（短语）的指代题。
1.设题方式
常见的猜测词义（句意）的题有下列几种设题方式：
What does the word“…”in the last para-graph refer to？
What does the underlinecl word“…”in the last paragraph mean？
What does that term“短语”in the text mean？
The underlined word/phrase“…”probably refers to____.
Which of the following can best replace the phrase“signed off”in Paragraph 1？
What does“it”Paragraph l most probahlyrefer to？
Which of the following is the closest in meaning to“画线句子”（Paragraph 3）？
2.解题策略
（1）如何正确猜测词义（句意）
猜测词义（句意）题旨在考查考生根据构词法和上下文语境推断生词或短语含义的能力，突出考查语境分析和句子结构的把握能力。在猜测词义（句意）时，既要分析画线词的构词法，又要分析词性，在上下文中找到其相关词汇，比如与该词同类的词是哪些，该词属于文中哪个词涵盖的范围，或该词能够概括哪些词。另外，我们还可以利用表示同位关系的句子结构，如逗号、破折号、that is等引出的同位语，来猜测词义。
任何词汇在语篇中都不是孤立的，而是与上下文密切联系、共同为篇章服务的，冈此猜测词义离不开具体的语境。我们应首先找到画线的词语（句子）所在的段落和句子，正确理解句意，弄清与该词（句）关系最为紧密的词语，依据语境进行推测。
命题人往往利用一些常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境想当然地选择答案。
【真题再现】（2015年新课标II卷阅读理解A篇节选）
My color television has given me nothing but a headache. 1 was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me mon-ey for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn’t fit. I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model， I realized this a day later， when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventy-five dollars less than I had paid. The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that l would keep it on until stations sSlgned off for the night. Fortunately，I didn’t got any channels showing all-night movies or l would never have gotten to bed.
22. Which of the following can best replace the phrase“signed off”in Paragraph l？
A. ended all their programs.
B. provided fewer channels.
C. changed to commercials.
D. showed all-night movies.
【试题分析】本题考查对画线词组的英语解释，属于词义推测题。
【思路点拨】本段讲述了作者购买彩电带来的种种麻烦。首先，在购买时，被销售人员忽悠了，购买了一个过时的型号。其次，比报纸上的广告标出的价钱多支付了75美元。当“我”刚把电视机买到家里时，电视机工作的非常正常，所以“我”一直让电视机开着，直到电台节目停播。否则，“我”会整夜不睡觉一直看电视。由此可推测本段倒数第二句中的画线的词组signed off指的是“（电视台）停止播出节目”，因此最佳答案是A。
（2）如何判断词语的指代
在行文中，为了避免重复，作者对多次提及的同一事物会使用不同的词语，如同义词、近义词、代词等来指代。词语指代题旨在考查考生对阅读素材的理解和把握能力。常见的解题方法有：
①返回原文，确定指代对象
我们要首先找到该词所在的句子和段落，分析前后句，明确代词所指代的对象是人还是物，避免造成误判。
②确定指代对象的数量
从文中找到依据，确定该词指代的是可数名词还是不可数名词，一定要在理解句意的基础上进行判断。只有从文中找到判断的依据，才能理解文意，准确做出判断。
③确定指代的范围
在认真阅读原文的基础上，明确代词的指代范围。只有明确代词所表示的具体范围，才能弄清文章的逻辑关系和前后文的联系，正确理解指代关系。
④替换该词，还原验证
在初步确定该词的指代后，我们应将找到的某个词语或句子的意思代人原文，替换该词，看其意思是否通顺、是否符合逻辑。
【真题再现】（2015年新课标I卷阅读理解C篇）：
Salvador Dali（1904-1989） was one of the most popular of modern artists. The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admira-tion for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibitlon bringing together over 200 paintings， sculptures， drawings and more. Among the works and masterworks on exhibition the visi-tor will find the best pieces， most importantly The Persistence of Memory. There is also L’Enigme sans Fin from 1938， Works on paper， objects， and projects for stage and screen and selected pafts from television programmes reflecting the artist’s showman qualities.
The visitor will enter the World of Dali through an egg and is met with the beginning， the world of birth. The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the visitor exiting through the brain.
The exhibition shows how Dali draws theviewer between two infinities （无限）.“From the infinity small to the infinity large， contraction and expansion coming in and out of focus： amazing Flemish accuracy and the showy Baroque of old painting that he used in his museum-cheatre in Figueras，”explains the Pompidou Centre.
The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration（合作） with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid， Spain， and with contributions from other institutions like the Sal-vador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg， Florida.
31. What does the word“contributions”inthe last paragraph refer to？
A. Donations.
B. Projects.
C. Artworks.
D.Documents.
【试题分析】本题考查画线单词的指代，属于词义推测题。
【思路点拨】本文介绍了著名的西班牙艺术家萨尔瓦多・达利的艺术作品即将到法国巴黎The Pompidou Centre展出的情况。根据最后一段可知，多家博物馆通力合作，共同精选展出的作品。文中提到了西班牙马德里的博物馆和圣彼得堡的博物馆，都让萨尔瓦多・达利的重要作品参展了。由此推测，contributions指艺术作品（artworks）。
（四）推理判断题
推理判断题要求考生在阅读原文的基础上，对阅读的内容进行分析，理解文章的深层含义，或通过对文章重点词汇的语体色彩的理解来判断作者的情感态度，该题型属于主观性较强的深层阅读理解题，通常有五种命题方式：细节推断、因果推断、人物性格、态度及观点推断、对故事的发展趋势进行推断、对作者的写作意图、写作手法、写作目的进行推断。
1.设题方式
推理判断题常见的设题方式有下列几种：
（1）推断文章没有直接说明的事实和细节
What can we infer from the text？
What can we infer about…？
Which of the following best describes…according to Paragraph 1？
What can we conclude about…？
What does the author imply by…？
（2）判断文章体裁和出处
What type of writing is this text？
This passage most likely comes from_________.
（3）推断某人的观点或态度
What did the author think of…？
According to Anderson，____.
The writer believes that____.
How does the author sound when telling the storv？
From the teacher's point of view，____.
How does Owain James feel about…？
What is the author’s attitude towards…men-tioned in Paragraph3？
It is implied in the last paragraph that
It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that
（4）根据已知信息，推测某事发生的可能性
When the world is“waving a chair in yourface”， you’re advised to____.
（5）对作者的写作方法进行推断
rrhis advertisement is made more believ-able by____.
（6）判断篇章结构题
Which of the following shows the develop-ment of ideas in this passage？
2.解题策略
要想做好推理判断题，我们必须对文章的字面信息进行深层挖掘和加工，由表及里、由浅人深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，深入到语言的实质，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，才能做出符合逻辑的准确推断。推理判断题的解题方法有下面几种：
（1）抓关键信息，进行逆向或正向推理。依据文章提供的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语利用逆向思维或正向推理去分析、推理、判断，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
（2）整合全段（文）信息，进行综合推断，从而确定最佳选项。
（3）从字里行间找线索，推测作者的写作意图。作者的思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于所用的修饰词语之中。文中经常出现一些形容词：subjective/ob-jective/neutral/indifferent/disapproving/critical等，间接地暗示了作者对某个问题的看法和态度。我们应在把握主旨大意的基础上做出符合逻辑的推理和判断。
（4）据上下文的逻辑，如实地做出判断。我们应严格依据文中所陈述的内容进行推理，从而得出符合逻辑的结论，而不是根据读者自己的个人经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。
【真题再现】（2015年新课标II卷阅读理解C篇）
More students than ever before are taking a gap year（间隔年）before going to university. It used to be called the“year off”between school and university. The gap year phenomenon origl-nated（起源）with the months left over to Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in November and the start of the next academic year.
This year， 25，310 students who have accept-ed places in higher education institutions have put off their entry until next year， according to sta-tistics on university entrance provided by Univer-sity and College Admissions Service（UCAS）.
That is a record 14.70% increase in the num- ber of students taking a gap year. Tony Higgins from UCAS said that the statistics are good news for everyone in higher education.“Students who take a well-planned year out are more likely to be satisfied with， and complete， their chosen course. Students who take a gap year are often more ma-ture and responsible.”he said.
But not everyone is happy. Owain James， the president of the National Union of Students（NUS）， argued that the increase is evidence of student hardship-young people are being forced into earning money before finishing their education.“New students are now aware that they are likely to leave university up to ￡15， 000 in debt. It is not surprising that more and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree. NUS statistics show that over 40% of students are forced to work during term time and the figure increases t0 90% during vacation peri-ods，” he said.
29. What do we learn about the gap year from the text？
A. It is flexible in length.
B. It is a time for relaxation.
C. It is increasingly popular.
D. It is required by universities.
30. According to Tony Higgins， students tak-mg a gap year
A. are better prepared for college studies
B. know a lot more about their future jobs
C. are more likely to leave university in debt
r）. have a better chance to enter top universi-ties
31. How does Owain James feel about the gapyear phenomenon？
A. He’s puzzled.
B.He’s worried.
C. He’s surprised.
D.He’s annoyed.
【试题分析】第1题是对文中提到的间隔年现象进行描述；第2题是推断Tony Higgins对选择间隔年学生的看法。第3题是判断Owain James对间隔年现象的看法。这三题都属于推理判断题。
【思路点拨】29.根据第一、二段的信息可知，间隔年现象越来越流行，所以选择间隔年的大学生人数剧增。由此可判断最佳答案为C。
30.根据第三段中Tony Higgins的话“Stu-dents who take a well-planned year out are more likely to be satisfied with， and complete， their cho-sen course. Students who take a gap year are often more mature and responsible，”可知，他认为学生选择间隔年后，变得更成熟了，也更负责任了。换言之，为上大学做好了准备，故最佳答案为A。
31.根据第四段中的“Owain James，the president of the National Union of Students（NUS）， argued thac the increase is evidence of student hardship-young people are being forced into earning money before finishing their education.”和“It is not surprising that more and more stu-dents are taking a gap year to earn money to sup-port their study for the degree.”可知，全国学生联合会的主席Owain James认为学生不得不自己挣钱，才能最终完成学业。由此可见，他对间隔年现象感到担忧。
二、七选五阅读理解题的特点和解题策略
1.七选五阅读理解命题特点
与传统的阅读理解相比，七选五阅读理解更加注重对阅读材料语篇的考查。命题人主要考查考生对文章的主旨大意、篇章结构和上下文逻辑的理解和把握。文章的题材贴近生活，逻辑严密，常为说明文、议论文或记叙文。考生在理解文章主旨大意和基本结构的基础上，能依据上下文进行简单的推理和判断，补充文中缺失的信息。考生不仅需要具备词汇、句子、语段、语篇等方面的基础知识，而且还应有分析、归纳、综合等方面的逻辑思维能力才能顺利解题。
从近年的高考试题来看，七选五阅读理解通常采用以下几种设题方式：考查段落标题、考查过渡句、扩展句、细节句（解释句）和总结句。
2.解题策略
（1）浏览全文，整体理解
分析篇章结构、把握全篇文脉是解题的关键。考生应先快速浏览全文，寻找主题段（句），把握文章结构和文章的主旨大意。在阅读过程中，要特别注意文章的首段与末段，因为“开门见山”与“结尾总结”是最为常见的写作方式，首段一般是全文的主题所在，说明本文将要探讨的内容，暗示了文章的写作思路。末段一般是全文的总结，对于快速掌握文章的主题同样具有重要意义。
（2）了解每段的主旨和结构 弄清段落内部的层次，仔细体会句子间的意义和逻辑关系，把握作者的思路。例如，说明文和议论文，每段的第一句通常是主题句。找到主题句有助于帮助确定选择的范围，即某段中的句子必须和该段的主题保持一致。
（3）理清空格前后句子之间的逻辑关系
一篇文章有若干段落组成，而每个段落都要围绕一个中心组织材料；各句之间都有一定的语脉，从逻辑意义上看，语段的句际关系可分为并列、顺序、层递、转折、总分、解释、因果等。构成语段的各个句子之间有时可以包含一种以上的句际关系。理清句子之间的关键是做好七选五阅读理解的基础。
（4）带人验证
我们可用代人法来检验答案是否正确。在初步确定答案后，将所选择的答案带人文中，以确定文章内容是否语义连贯，语篇结构是否通顺，写作思路是否清晰明了，还有是否紧扣主题，行文是否连贯，是否合乎逻辑，格式以及用语是否恰当贴切，进而判断所选答案是否正确。
【真题再现】（2015年新课标I卷第二部分第二节）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填人空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。
Building Trust in a Relationship Again
Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences. 36 Trust is a risk. But you can’t be successful when there’s a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.
Unfortunately， we’ve all been victims of be-trayal. Whether we’ve been stolen from， lied to， misled， or cheated on， there are different levels of losing trust. Sometimes people simply can’t trust anymore. 37 It’s understandable， but if you’re willing to build trust in a relationship again， we have some steps you can take to get you there.
38
Having congfidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what the best outcome would be for your well-be-ing.
39 If you’ve been betrayed， you are the victim of your circumstance. But there’s a dif-ference between being a victim and living with a“victim mentality”. At some point in all of our lives， we’ll have our trust tested or violated.
You didn’t lose“everything”. Once trust is lost， what is left？ Instead of looking at the situa-tion f’rom this hopeless angle， look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life. 40 Instead， it’s a healthy way towork through the experience to allow room forpositive growth and forgiveness.
A. Learn to reallv trust yourself.
B. It is putting confidence in someone.
C. Stop regarding yourself as the victim.
D. Remember that you can expect the best inreturn.
E. Seeing the positive side of things doesn’tmean you’re ignoring what happened.
F. This knowledge carnes over in their atti-tude toward their future relationships.
G. They've been too badly hurt and theycan’t bear to let it happen again.
【答案与解析】
36.B。前句说“信任是我们从过去的经验中获得的一种行为。”和后句说“信任是一种冒险。”由此可知，本空填B，是对第一句话的进一步解释和拓展：“信任就对某人充满信心。”
37.G。前句“有时，人们无法信赖某人。”；后句“那是可以理解的”，由此可推测本句解释人们无法信任某人的原因。故填G，意为“他们受过伤害，所以不想再次受到伤害。”
38.A。由下句“自信能帮助你做出更好的选择”可知，前一句应是“学会真正信任自己。”
39.C。由下句“如果有人背叛过你，你就是环境的受害者。”可知，本空填C，意为“不要认为自己是个受害者。”因为在生活中，我们的信任总是会被检验或背叛。
40.E。前句说“不要把情况看作是不可救药的，而是看看自己拥有的一切，对生活中好的一面充满感恩。”本句应填E，意为“看到事物积极的一面并不意味着你无视已经发生的事。”很好地呼应了后句“积极应对过去的经历，并为自己留下成长和原谅的空间。”