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[摘要] 目的 探讨股骨颈骨折患者围术期血清骨硬化蛋白(SOST)和dickkopf-1(Dkk-1)蛋白的变化规律及临床意义。 方法 选择2014年8月~2015年8月于南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院行股骨颈骨折关节置换术患者45例为实验组,采集患者术前1 d及术后1、3、5 d空腹静脉血样;选择同期45例年龄、性别、体重指数配对的健康体检者作为对照组。检测两组患者血清中SOST和Dkk-1水平并进行分析。 结果 实验组患者术前血清SOST为1.3(1,2.39)ng/mL,Dkk-1为(2.87±1.08)ng/mL,明显低于照组[SOST为1.95(1.64,2.64)ng/mL,Dkk-1为(3.66±1.21)ng/mL](P < 0.01)。实验组患者围术期血清SOST与Dkk-1均呈先升高后下降的趋势,且两者呈正相关(P < 0.05)。血清SOST在术后1 d迅速升高至1.49(1.07,1.99)ng/mL,术后3 d降至1.3(0.97,2.1)ng/mL,术后5 d迅速降至1.01(0.91,1.55)ng/mL,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。血清Dkk-1在术后1 d显著升高至(3.04±1.04)ng/mL,术后3 d升至(3.07±1.19)ng/mL,术后5 d降至(2.93±1.08)ng/mL,但术后3、5 d值与术前比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。 结论 围术期股骨颈骨折关节置换术患者血清SOST与Dkk-1均呈先升高后下降的趋势。血清SOST术后变化较DKK-1更敏感,趋势更显著,可作为骨折后机体成骨能力的标志物及潜在的药物治疗靶点。
[关键词] 股骨颈骨折;骨硬化蛋白;Dickkopf-1;经典Wnt信号通路
[中图分类号] R687.5 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2016)05(c)-0089-04
[Abstract] Objective To explore the dynamic change ruleof serum Sclerostin (SOST) and Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) in femoral neck fracture patients and their clinical significance. Methods From August 2014 to August 2015, in Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 45 femoral neck fracture patients were selected as experiment group, the fasting peripheral blood samples were collected at 1 d before surgery and 1, 3, 5 d after surgery; at the same period, 45 healthy outpatient medical examination which persons matched in age, sex and BMI were selected as control group. Serum concentrations of SOST and Dkk-1 of two groups were decected and analyzed. Results Before surgery the levels of serum SOST and Dkk-1 of patients in experiment group were lower than those in control group [1.3 (1, 2.39), (2.87±1.08) ng/mL vs 1.95 (1.64, 2.64), (3.66±1.21) ng/mL, P < 0.01]. At perioperative period, levels of serum SOST and Dkk-1 of patients in experiment group presented the trend of rising after the surgery then decreased gradually, and there was positive correlation between them (P < 0.05). The serum levels of SOST rapidly increased to 1.49 (1.07-1.99) ng/mL at 1 d after surgery, then decreased to 1.3 (0.97, 2.1) ng/mL at 3 d after surgery, and rapidly decreased to 1.01 (0.91, 1.55) ng/mL at 5 d after surgery, compared with that before surgery, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The serum levels of Dkk-1 rapidly increased to (3.04±1.04) ng/mL at 1 d after surgery, then increased to (3.07±1.19) ng/mL at 3 d after surgery, and decreased to (2.93±1.08)ng/mL at 5 d after surgery, but those at 3, 5 d after surgery were compared with that before surgery, the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion The perioperative levels of serum SOST and Dkk-1 show the trend of rising after the surgery then decreased gradually. But the serum change and the trend of SOST is more sensitive and obvious than that of Dkk-1. So serum concentrations of SOST may be a marker of osteogenesis and a potential therapeutic target after fracture.
[Key words] Femoral neck fracture; Sclerostin; Dickkopf-1; Canonical Wnt signaling
股骨颈骨折好发于老年人,若治疗效果不佳,常导致骨折不愈合或股骨头坏死,最终需行髋关节置换术[1]。随着我国人口老龄化加剧及股骨颈骨折患者增多,将产生沉重的社会及经济负担[2-3]。经典Wnt(Cannoical Wnt)信号通路是促进成骨细胞分化、增殖、活性表达,抑制成脂分化及成骨细胞凋亡的关键信号通路[4]。分泌型蛋白骨硬化蛋白(sclerostin,SOST)及Dickkopf-1(Dkk-1)均为Wnt信号通路拮抗剂,其通过与Wnt共受体――低密度脂蛋白相关蛋白5/6(LRP5/6)结合以阻断Wnt信号通路,进而抑制骨形成,其在骨稳态中启着重要的作用[5-7]。然而,股骨颈骨折后患者血清SOST及Dkk-1动态变化情况尚无相关研究。故本文主要探索股骨颈骨折后围术期血清SOST及Dkk-1变化规律及其临床意义。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择2014年8月~2015年8月于南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院(以下简称“我院”)运动医学与成人重建外科行股骨颈骨折关节置换术患者45例为实验组,其中男16例,女29例,年龄48~92岁,平均(73.7±10)岁,体重指数平均为(22.7±3.2)kg/m2。按股骨颈骨折Garden分型[8]:其中Ⅲ型15例,Ⅳ型30例。纳入标准:①伤后2 d内入院,6 d内手术的患者;②年龄大于40岁;③有明确的股骨颈骨折病史,无其他严重的系统性合并伤;④无严重的系统性并发症,如心、肺、肝、肾等明显的实质性病变;⑤无恶性肿瘤及其他神经系统、免疫系统病史者;⑥无细菌,病毒感染病史。排除标准:①近1个月内有手术及创伤史者;②有严重贫血,出血性疾病史。③术后有感染迹象患者。同期选择我院门诊健康年龄、性别、体重指数配对的体检者45例作为对照组。本研究通过南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院伦理委员会批准,所有入组者均签署知情同意书。
1.2 方法
所有入组者均于清晨空腹采集肘部静脉血3~5 mL,静置后4℃条件下3500 r/min离心10 min,血清分装后于-80℃冰箱冻存待测。实验组于术前1 d及术后第1、3、5 d共采集4次。对照组采集1次。血清中SOST及Dkk-1蛋白的检测均采用免疫磁珠流式液相芯片技术(Luminex),试剂均购自美国EMD Millipore公司,操作严格按说明书进行。进行血清学检测的技术人员均不知道入组血样的个人信息。
1.3 统计学方法
采用SPSS 22.0统计软件对数据进行分析,正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用t检验;(非正态分布的计量资料用中位数(M)及四分位数(P25,P75)表示,采用Wilcoxon符号秩和检验。计数资料以率表示,采用χ2检验。相关性分析采用Spearman秩相关分析。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1对照组及实验组不同时间点血清SOST及Dkk-1蛋白表达水平
实验组患者术前血清SOST及Dkk-1值与对照组比较均显著降低,差异有高度统计学意义(P < 0.01)。而围术期实验组患者血清SOST及Dkk-1值均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中术后1 d SOST及Dkk-1值均显著升高;术后3~5 d,血清SOST值延续降低的趋势,并与术前值比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。而血清Dkk-1值于术后3 d升至最高,术后3~5 d则呈现降低的趋势,仍高于术前,但与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表1。
2.2 股骨颈骨折患者围术期血清SOST及Dkk-1值相关性分析
股骨颈骨折患者围术期各时间点血清SOST及Dkk-1值变化均呈正相关(P < 0.05),相关系数在术后1 d最大,在术前最低。见表2。
3 讨论
骨折的愈合过程分为血肿炎症机化期、原始骨痂形成期,骨痂改造塑形期三个阶段。一般认为,骨折愈合过程中骨吸收和骨形成较生理性骨再生明显活跃[9-10]。经典Wnt信号通路在促进成骨过程中发挥至关重要的核心作用[4]。分泌型蛋白SOST及Dkk-1均为Wnt信号通路拮抗剂,其通过与Wnt共受体――低密度脂蛋白相关蛋白5/6(LRP5/6)结合以阻断Wnt信号通路,进而抑制骨形成,其在调节成骨过程及骨愈合中起着重要的作用[5,11]。然而,血清SOST与Dkk-1蛋白在股骨颈骨折患者围术期变化情况尚无相关研究。故本研究着重探索血清SOST及Dkk-1蛋白在股骨颈骨折患者围术期变化规律及其临床意义。
在成人中,SOST蛋白主要由骨细胞分泌[12]。SOST基因缺失的患者表现为骨量增加[13]。而SOST基因敲除的小鼠骨量、骨密度及骨骼强度都明显增加[14]。此外,应用SOST单克隆抗体可以促进骨折小鼠模型骨折端的成骨细胞分化,骨量增加,加速骨折的愈合过程,并提高骨强度[15-16]。Caetano-Lopes等[17]在研究老年人脆性骨折时发现,骨折后骨折端骨组织中SOST基因表达水平显著降低,提示SOST对成骨细胞的抑制降低,成骨作用的加强。有相关研究表明,人体血清SOST蛋白表达水平可能与年龄、性别、体重指数相关[18-19],故本文选择了与股骨颈骨折患者年龄、性别,BMI配对的正常人作为对照组,以降低研究人群的偏倚,提高研究结果的科学性及可靠性。本文研究发现,股骨颈骨折患者术前血清SOST水平较正常对照组显著降低,与Caetano-Lopes等[17]研究结果趋势相符。而且本研究还发现,股骨颈骨折患者术后1 d血清SOST蛋白水平较术前显著增高,术后3、5 d逐渐降低。这可能是因为手术中损伤骨组织,造成骨细胞损伤,进而使释放入血的SOST蛋白明显增高,造成术后1 d血清SOST蛋白水平显著升高。而骨折后骨细胞表达的SOST基因显著降低,SOST蛋白合成减少,进而造成释放入血的SOST蛋白减少,使得术后3、5 d血清SOST蛋白水平迅速降低,对机体成骨能力抑制减弱,机体骨形成加强,促进骨折的愈合过程。
DKK-1蛋白由成骨细胞,成熟的骨细胞,内皮细胞,神经细胞,血小板等组织表达及合成[20-21]。DKK-1基因敲除的小鼠因胚胎发育异常无法存活,故利用基因敲除小鼠研究DKK-1与骨折愈合作用的相关研究较少,而在DKK-1杂合小鼠中成骨细胞数量,骨形成指标均明显增高[21]。Goldstein等[22]研究发现,应用DKK-1蛋白单克隆抗体可以显著抑制骨肉瘤移植骨块的生长及转移,故DKK-1在骨形成中起到重要的作用。Bajada等[23]研究发现,DKK-1基因在胫骨骨折不愈合患者的骨折端基质细胞中显著高表达,其有可能参与骨折不愈合过程。而本研究发现,DKK-1参与股骨颈骨折后骨折愈合的过程,并可能起到重要的作用。股骨颈骨折患者术前血清DKK-1蛋白水平较正常对照组显著降低,术后1 d血清DKK-1水平显著升高,术后3 d血清DKK-1水平延续升高的趋势,而术后5 d血清DKK-1蛋白水平呈现逐渐降低的趋势,但降低幅度小于SOST蛋白且与术前DKK-1蛋白水平比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。股骨颈骨折患者术前血清DKK-1蛋白水平显著降低,术后5 d亦呈降低趋势,其抑制机体成骨作用的能力减弱,机体骨形成增强,促进骨折愈合。术后1、3 d血清DKK-1蛋白水平呈升高趋势,有可能是手术应激及手术损伤骨组织造成细胞破坏,DKK-1蛋白释放入血过多所致。
综上所述,作为成骨作用的负性调节因子,SOST及DKK-1在股骨颈骨折后骨愈合的过程中起到重要的作用。股骨颈骨折患者术前血清SOST及Dkk-1蛋白水平与对照组相比均显著降低,而围术期血清SOST及Dkk-1蛋白水平均呈现先升高后降低的趋势。但血清SOST蛋白较Dkk-1蛋白术后降低的变化更敏感,幅度更大,趋势更显著,再考虑到SOST单克隆抗体可以促进骨折愈合,故血清SOST蛋白可以作为骨折后反映机体成骨能力的良好标志物及潜在的药物治疗靶点。
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(收稿日期:2016-02-18 本文编辑:苏 畅)