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【摘要】目的:比较显微镜下和腹腔镜下精索静脉结扎术中结扎静脉、动脉和淋巴管保留情况及术后并发症情况。方法:2014年3月至2014年6月间北大医院男科中心完成显微镜下左侧精索静脉结扎术32例,河北邯郸市第四医院完成腹腔镜下左侧精索静脉结扎术28例。比较2种术式术中结扎精索内静脉数量、保留精索内动脉和淋巴管数量。所有患者随访6个月,比较两组复发、鞘膜积液和萎缩的发生率。结果:显微镜组平均年龄279岁;腹腔镜组平均年龄254岁。两组年龄和曲张程度没有差异。显微镜组平均结扎直径大于1mm的精索内静脉108支,平均保留动脉18支和淋巴管42支;腹腔镜组平均结扎精索内静脉34支,保留动脉07支,429%的患者未保留动脉,143%(4例)的患者发现淋巴管。术后显微镜组复发0例,轻度鞘膜积液0例,萎缩0例;腹腔镜组复发2例(71%),鞘膜积液4例(143%),萎缩0例。结论:显微镜下精索静脉结扎术由于术中彻底结扎精索内静脉并保留动脉和淋巴管,因此术后并发症较腹腔镜精索静脉结扎术明显降低。
【关键词】精索静脉曲张;腹腔镜;显微外科;复发;鞘膜积液
【Abstract】Objectives: To compare the intraoperative results and postoperative complications between microsurgical and laparoscopic varicocelectomy. Methods: 32 patients with left varicoceles received microsurgical varicocelectomy in Andrology Center, Peking University First Hospital, and 28 patients received laparoscopic varicocelectomy in department of urology, the Fourth Hospital of Handan, from March to June in 2014, were selected. The number of venous ligated, artery and lymphatics reserved were compared between the two groups. All patients were followed up for at least 6 months. The recurrence rates and incidence of hydrocele and testis atrophy were compared. Results: The mean ages of microsurgery group and laparoscopic operation group were 27.9 and 25.4 years, respectively. The age and grades of varicocele were not significantly different between the two groups. The mean number of venous ligated (venous diameter>1mm), artery and lymphatics reserved in microsurgery group were 10.8, 1.8 and 4.2, respectively. The mean number of venous ligated and artery reserved in laparoscopic operation group were 3.4 and 0.7, respectively. After 6 months’ follow-up, no complication was found in microsurgery group. The incidence of recurrence and hydrocele were 7.1% and 14.3% in laparoscopic operation group. Testis atrophy was not found in this study. Conclusion: Because of the complete ligation of venous, reservation of artery and lymphatics, the complications of microsurgical varicocelectomy are fewer than that of laparoscopic varicocelectomy.
【Key words】Varicocele; Laparoscopy; Microsurgery; Recurrence; Hydrocele
【中图分类号】R167【文献标志码】A
精索静脉曲张是导致男性不育的常见疾病,在普通人群中发病率约为15%,而在原发性不育中发生率可高达35%,继发性不育中达75%[1]。精索静脉曲张被认为是男性不育中可手术治疗的最常见原因[2],但精索静脉曲张引起生精功能受损的确切机制仍不清楚。许多研究已经证实,精索静脉结扎可以明显改善患者的质量,提高配偶的怀孕率[3, 4]。精索静脉结扎的术式较多,有腹膜外的高位结扎、经腹股沟结扎、腹腔镜下结扎和显微镜下结扎。目前认为显微镜下精索静脉结扎术的术后并发症最少,术后配偶怀孕率最高,可作为精索静脉曲张治疗的“金标准”[5]。但在国内,泌尿外科医生还是最常采用腹腔镜下精索静脉结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张,而对显微镜下精索静脉结扎术的报道较少。本研究比较了显微镜下和腹腔镜下精索静脉结扎的术中情况和术后并发症。
1材料和方法
11临床资料
2014年3月至2014年6月间北大医院男科中心完成显微镜下左侧精索静脉结扎术32例,河北邯郸市第四医院完成腹腔镜下左侧精索静脉结扎术28例。所有患者均由于质量异常导致的不育症来治疗。患者体格检查可触及曲张静脉团;阴囊超声检查发现单根或多根静脉直径>2mm,且存在返流(Valsalva呼吸)。
12手术方法
(1)腹腔镜下精索静脉结扎术:采用Olympus腹腔镜系统。在内环口处可观察到精索血管,距离内环口2~3cm处精索血管外侧切开后腹膜一长约2cm切口,游离整束精索血管,尽可能将精索内动、静脉分开,寻找并保护淋巴管,双重丝线结扎精索静脉并离断,用同样方法处理对侧曲张静脉,缝合皮肤切口。
(2)显微镜下精索静脉结扎术[6]:在腹股沟外环口下做切口,提出精索挤出,分别切断结扎引带静脉和精索外静脉的穿支。还纳,切开精索筋膜,寻找动脉和淋巴管,分别套线保护。游离静脉后用4~0丝线两端结扎后切断静脉,结扎切断所有精索内静脉。缝合切口。
13评价指标
术中记录结扎直径超过1mm的静脉、保留的动脉和淋巴管数量。术后3个月复诊,接受体格检查和B超检查。体检阴囊较对侧增大,且B超证实有液体为鞘膜积液;若体检体积明显缩小为萎缩;B超发现精索内静脉有返流为复发。
2结果
2.1基线资料
显微镜组和腹腔镜组患者的基线资料没有统计学差异(表1)。
3讨论
精索静脉曲张在男性人群,尤其是男性不育症人群中的发生率较高,对男性的质量可能产生不利影响,从而导致不育。精索静脉曲张导致不育的确切机制不清楚,可能与阴囊内高温、缺氧、代谢废物聚集、肾毒性物质反流、氧化应激等有关[1]。美国泌尿外科协会(AUA)和欧洲泌尿外科协会(EAU)对有临床可触及的精索静脉曲张同时伴男性不育,一项或多项参数异常,女性生育能力正常的情况均推荐进行精索静脉结扎术[7,8]。青少年有临床可触及的精索静脉曲张伴同侧体积缩小时也建议进行手术。除了质量异常外,精索静脉曲张还可导致DNA质量异常、萎缩、睾酮分泌减少和疼痛。在有这些情况时,尤其是对功能有进行性损伤时也建议进行精索静脉结扎。
精索静脉结扎术的种类较多,大体可分为3类:开放式、腹腔镜下和显微镜下。由于显微结扎术彻底结扎精索外静脉、引带静脉和精索内静脉,并且保留动脉和淋巴管,因此其术后并发症明显少于另外2种术式。Al-Kandari 等[9]通过随机试验比较了3种术式的并发症情况,平均随访18个月,显微镜组仅有1例复发(2%),而开放组和腹腔镜组的复发率分别为13%和18%;显微镜组的鞘膜积液发生率为0,而开放组和腹腔镜组分别为13%和20%。另外一个随机对照研究也得到类似的结果[10]。显微镜组的鞘膜积液发生率为0,开放组和腹腔镜组分别为28%和54%;显微镜组的复发率为26%,其余两组分别为11%和17%。近年来发表的荟萃分析也证实显微手术的鞘膜积液和复发的发生率最低。Cayan等[11]荟萃分析了36项研究、总共4473例精索静脉曲张曲张患者,发现显微组、开放组和腹腔镜组的总体的鞘膜积液发生率分别为044%、824%和284%(P=0001),而复发率分别为105%、1497%和43%(P=0001)。我们的研究证实显微镜下精索静脉结扎术的配偶怀孕率高于腹腔镜手术[12],而且显微镜手术后配偶怀孕率与术前密度有关[13]。Ding等[14]荟萃分析了4项随机对照研究、总共1015例患者,三组的鞘膜积液和复发率分别为00%、008%、01%和25%、172%、14%。尽管显微手术的并发症最少,但手术时间最长。目前,在国内由于显微外科技术尚未被广泛接受[15],绝大多数泌尿外科医生都是采用腹腔镜精索静脉结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张。
我们的研究发现采用显微镜下精索静脉结扎术可以保留至少1支精索内动脉,部分患者有2~3支,平均保留淋巴管42支,而腹腔镜精索静脉结扎组有428%的患者无法保留动脉,847%的患者没有保留淋巴管。因此,腹腔镜组的术后鞘膜积液的发生率明显高于显微镜组。另外,显微镜组平均结扎精索内静脉108支,明显多于腹腔镜组的34支。显微镜组更多地结扎了精索内静脉的分支,因此术后复发率明显降低。
显微镜下精索静脉结扎术由于术中保留了精索内动脉和淋巴管,彻底结扎精索内静脉,术后并发症明显低于腹腔镜精索静脉结扎术。
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(收稿日期:2015-03-31)