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部分倒装

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部分倒装范文第1篇

【摘 要】倒装句是高考必考的重要语法现象,由于它规律性强、复现率高,也是考生必须掌握的重点。倒装句就是为了语法结构的需要或为了强调而把谓语的一部分或全部提到主语的前面。倒装句有两种:部分倒装与完全倒装。掌握了倒装的规则就容易提高此类题目的得分率。

【关键词】倒装规则;部分倒装;完全倒装

研读高考英语真题,我们发现倒装这个语法几乎是每年必考的知识点。高考《考纲》明确提出:考生能在特定的语境中熟练而准确地使用一些较为特殊的倒装表达法。这类考题的特点:同类型倒装试题在历年高考试题中复现率高,规律性强,主要考查部分倒装。

例如2011年高考全国新课标卷:

Only when he reached the tea-house______it was the same place he’d been in last year.

A. he realizedB. he did realize

C. realized heD. did he realize

解析:only 加时间状语从句位于句首,引起句子部分倒装,所以答案为D。

那么首先我们要知道倒装句的概念。 倒装可分为全倒装和部分倒装(半倒装)。把整个谓语动词放在主语之前称为全部倒装;把谓语动词的一部分(助动词/情态动词)放在主语之前称为部分倒装。理解了这个概念,就能很好地对倒装这种语法现象进行很好的判断了,本文主要讨论一些部分倒装(半倒装)的解题规律。

例1(2011·湖南卷)Only afterthey had discussed the matter for several hours _______a decision.

A. they reached B. did they reach

C. they reachD.do they reach答案 【B】

例2Only then _____ how much damage had been caused.

A. She realized B. she had realized

C. had she realizedD. did she realize 答案 【D】

部分倒装规则1:only后边加副词、介词短语、状语从句时,要实现部分倒装。

Only then did he knowthe truth.

Only in this way can we improve our English.

Only when he returned did we find out the truth.

但only后边加主语时不倒装。如:Only he can answer the question.

例3(2011·福建卷)-It’s nice. Never beforesuch a special drink!

-I’m glad you like it.

A.I have had B. I had

C. have I hadD. had I答案【C】

例4 (2010·四川卷)We laugh at jokes,but seldom ______about how they work.

A.we think B.think we

C.we do think D.do we think 答案 【D】

例5 Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else ________ such a beautiful place.

A. can you findB. you could find

C. you can findD. could you find 答案 【A】

例6 Not only______to stay at home, but he was also forbidden to see his friends.

A. that he was forced B. he was forced

C. had he been forcedD. was he forced 答案【D】

部分倒装规则2: 否定副词或含有否定意义的结构置于句首要部分倒装。如:never, nor, not, hardly, little, seldom,rarely, nowhere, not only, not once, by no means等。

例如 Never before have I seen such a moving film.

Not a single mistake did he make.

例7 -Did Linda see the traffic accident

-No, no sooner ____ than it happened.

A.had she goneB. she had gone

C. has she goneD. she has gone答案【A】

例8 Hardly _______lunch _______the phone rang.

A. had we started; thanB. had we started; when

C. did we start; whenD. did we start; than 答案 【B】

部分倒装规则3:no sooner…than…; hardly(scarcely) …when…

这两个句型都表示“一…就…”, 前半部分引起部分倒装后半部分不倒装。

例9(2010·江西卷)Not until he left his home ______to know how important the family was for him.

A. did he begin B. had he begun

C. he beganD. he had begun答案 【A】

部分倒装规则4:not until 位于句首引起句子部分倒装。

例如 Not until the teacher came in did we stop talking.

例10(2009·山东卷) So sudden ______ that the enemy had no time to escape.

A. did the attackB. the attack did

C. was the attackD. the attack did答案 【C】

部分倒装规则5: so 或者such 连同它所修饰的成份位于句首引起句子部分倒装。例如 So carelessly did he drive that he almost killed himself.

So difficult a problem is it that he can’t work it out.

Such a good boy is he that we all like him.

综合以上例子我们可以看出倒装规律性很强,只有熟悉它的规则,我们才能提高得分率。在倒装语法考查的时候,我们要记住一个口诀(解题思路):先看句首,再比选项,分析时态,做出判断。先看句首,再比选项。目的在于断定是部分倒装还是全倒装,分析时态,做出判断。说明时态断定也很重要。

例11:The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once ________ with each other.

A. they had quarreledB. they have quarreled

部分倒装范文第2篇

【关键词】高考英语 倒装 讲解

英语高考中,倒装考点基本上每年必考,综观学生的答卷情况,学生的得分率普遍不高,主要原因是学生没有掌握答题技巧而痛失分数,本文搜集了一些高考中的典型例题加以讲解,以提升学生的解答倒装考题的能力。

一 否定词开头的句子用部分倒装

以含否定意义的词语开头的句子,用部分倒装。常见的含有否定意义的词语有never, seldom, little, not until, by no means等。如:1. Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else ________ such a beautiful place.(辽宁卷)

A. can you find B. you could find C. you can find D. could you find

【讲解】答案选A。因为否定词nowhere else放在句首,句子要用部分倒装,又是现在时态。

2. I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in all my life ________ so happy! (北京卷)

A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt

【分析】答案选D。以否定词never 开头的句子要部分倒装;过去(got the job )的过去,要用过去完成时。的过去,要用过去完成时。

4. Not until all the fish died in the river ________ how serious the pollution was.(全国卷)

A. did the villagers realize B. the villagers realized C. the villagers did realize D. didn't the villagers realize

【分析】答案选A。以not until开头的句子,主句要用部分倒装。

二 not only...but also...句的部分倒装

not only...but also...前后连接两个句子时,not only后的句子要用部分倒装,但but also后的分句不用倒装。如:

Not only ______ polluted but _______crowded.(上海卷)

A. was the city; were the streets B. the city was; were the streets

C. was the city; the streets were D. the city was; the streets were

【分析】答案选C。

三 only加状语放在句首时的部分倒装

"only+状语"位于句首时,要用部分倒装,only后的状语可以是副词、介词短语、从句等。注意:在only后作状语的是从句时,从句不要用倒装,要部分倒装的是主句。如:

1. ________ can you expect to get a pay rise.(北京卷)

A. With hard work B. Although work hard C. Only with hard work D. Now that he works hard

【分析】答案选C。题干是部分倒装句,能使句了倒装的只有C:以"only+作状语的介词短语"开头。

四 So / Neither do I之类的部分倒装句

so / neither / nor表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者时,其句型是:so / neither / nor+特殊词+主语。使句此句型需注意以下几点:①内容是肯定时,用so,内容是否定时,用neither或nor;②"特殊词""与前句中的情态动词、助动词或be相同,或根据前句的时态,用do, does, did;③"特殊词"的人称和数与其后的主语一致;④"特殊词"本身没有否定形式。本身没有否定形式。

1. Of the making of good books there is no end; neither ________ any end to their influence man's lives.(广东卷)

A. there is B. there are C. is there D. are there

【分析】答案选C。前句有否定词no, 后句是用neither开头的部分倒装,排除A和B;又根据there be后的名词end是单数,be用is,而不用are,所以只有C正确。

五 省略if的虚拟条件句的部分倒装

有were, should, had的虚拟条件句,省略if时,就将were, should, had移至主语的前面,构成部分倒装。如:

________ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often. (上海卷)

A. If it is not B. Were it not C. Had it not been D. If they were not

【分析】答案选C。Had it not been...是If it had not been...这个与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句省略了if,然后将had提到主语前。

部分倒装范文第3篇

一、 完全倒装:谓语动词完全置于主语之前的句子。主要句型有:

1. 副词here, there, now, then, thus置于句首

例1 (2010江苏卷) ―Is everyone here?

―Not yet... Look, there _____ the rest of our guests.

A. come B. comes C. is coming D. are coming

解析 本题既考查there放在句首引起的倒装,又考查主谓一致,还考查了句子的时态。由the rest of our guests判断,谓语动词应该用复数形式,而此类句型应该用一般现在时或一般过去时,不应该用进行时态,故应选择A项。

2. 表示方位的副词或介词短语置于句首时

例2 (2010重庆卷) At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River _____, one of the ten largest cities in China.

A. lies Chongqing B. Chongqing lies

C. does lie Chongqing D. does Chongqing lie

解析 句意:在扬子江和嘉陵江交汇处,坐落着中国十大城市之一的重庆。介词短语at the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River是这个句子的地点状语,置于句首,所以引起句子的完全倒装,故A项正确。

3. “表示动作趋向性的副词+不及物动词+主语”句型

例3 I tried to come closer to watch the bird, but as soon as it noticed me, _____ into the woods.

A. away it flew B. away flew it C. did it fly away D. did away it fly

解析 句意:我尽量走近去观看那只鸟,可是它一注意到我,就飞进树林里去了。该句将动作趋向性的副词away放在句首,应该用完全倒装句型,但是当句子的主语为代词时,主谓不倒装,故应选择A项。这样的动作趋向性的副词有:out, in, up, down, off, away等。

4. such置于句首

例4 (2009辽宁卷) _____ is the power of TV that it can make a person suddenly famous.

A. Such B. This C. That D. So

解析 句意:电视的威力如此,以至于它能使人骤然成名。此句型中,从题干上看,主谓已经倒装过来,所以应将such置于句首。另外,此句型中be动词应该与其后的“真正的主语”保持一致。

注意:在以上所有的完全倒装句型中,主语必须是名词才能引起完全倒装,如果主语是代词,句子则不倒装。

二、 部分倒装

只将谓语的一部分(多为助动词、系动词be或情态动词)置于主语之前的句子,叫部分倒装句。部分倒装句有以下几种句型:

1. only 修饰状语放在句首

例1 (2011全国I卷) Only when he reached the tea house _____ it was the same place he’d been in last year.

A. he realized B. he did realize C. realized D. did he realize

解析 句意:直到他到了茶馆,他才意识到这就是他去年来过的地方。only修饰when引导的时间状语从句置于句首,所以引起句子部分倒装,将助动词did提至主语he前面,故D项正确。

2. 否定副词never, nor, not, hardly, little, seldom等置于句首

例2 (2011福建卷) ―It’s nice. Never before _____ such a special drink!

―I’m glad you like it.

A. I have had B. I had C. have I had D. had I

解析 句意:――太棒了。我以前从来没喝过这么独特的饮料!――很高兴您喜欢。因为never置于句首,所以引起句子部分倒装,根据句中的never before应该用现在完成时态,所以选择C项。

3. 句型“so / neither / nor + be / have / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语”

这种句型分两种形式,“so + be / have / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语”意为“……也是如此”;“neither / nor + be / have / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语”意为“……也不这样”。

例3 (2008 辽宁卷) Bill wasn’t happy about the delay of the report by Jason, and ____.

A. I was neither B. neither was I C. I was either D. either was I

解析 句意:比尔对杰森耽搁报告很不高兴,我也很不高兴。neither是否定意义的词,表示“也不”,将它放在句首,句子部分倒装,故应选B项。

例4 (2007江苏卷) ―My room gets very cold at night.

―_____.

A. So is mine B. So mine is

C. So does mine D. So mine does

解析 句意:――我的房间晚上很冷。――我的也是。上句用的是gets, 所以下句应该用助动词does,C项正确。注意:这种倒装结构要与so开头的强调句区别开来。例如:

例5 (2006江西卷) ―I reminded you not to forget the appointment.

―______.

A. So you did B. So I do not C. So did you D. So do I

解析 句意:――我提醒过你不要忘了约会。――你确实提醒过我。此句根据句意应该用强调结构“so + 主语 + be / have / 助动词 / 情态动词”,意为“……的确如此”,此题应选择A项。

4. “so + adj. / adv....that...”句型

该句型意为“如此……以至于……”,that引导结果状语从句,如果将so置于句首,则引起主句倒装,而that引导的从句不倒装。

例6 (2009山东卷) So sudden _____ that the enemy had no time to escape.

A. did the attack B. the attack did

C. was the attack D. the attack was

解析 句意:这次袭击如此突然,以至于敌人没有时间逃跑。“so + 形容词”放在句首时,引起主句部分倒装。因为sudden是形容词,在句中作表语,所以应该用was,故C项正确。

5. “not only... but(also)... ”句型

此句型意为“不但……而且……”,如果将not only 放在句首,引起句子前半部分倒装,but also后的部分仍然用正常语序。

例7 (2009宁夏・海南卷) The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only _______, but students became more interested in the lessons.

A. saved was teachers’ energy B. was teachers’ energy saved

C. teachers’ energy was saved D. was saved teachers’ energy

解析 句意:电脑被用于教学,结果不仅仅是老师省力了,而且学生对课也更感兴趣了。将not only放在句首,所以其后的句子将助动词was提到主语之前,故B项正确。

6. “not until... ”置于句首的句型

例8 (2010江西卷) Not until he left his home _____ to know how important the family was for him.

A. did he begin B. had he begun

C. he began D. he had began

解析 句意:直到他离开家他才开始了解家庭对他来说多么重要。not until 置于句首,引起主句部分倒装,根据句意,应选用一般过去时,所以将助动词did提到主语之前,故A项正确。

例9 (2010江西卷) It was _____ he came back from Africa that year ______ he met the girl he would like to marry.

A. when; then B. not; until C. not until; that D. only; when

解析 句意:是直到他那年从非洲回来时,他才遇到了他想娶的女孩。此句不是倒装句,而是not... until 结构的强调句。所以应选择C项。

注意:not... until结构倒装句与强调句的区别。原则是:强调不倒装,倒装不强调。

7. as / though 引导的让步状语从句

as / though引导的让步状语从句采用倒装结构,句型为“adj. / adv. / 动词原形 / 不带冠词的名词+as / though+主语+谓语”。

例10 (2009重庆卷) Unsatisfied _____ with the payment, he took the job just to get some work experience.

A. though was he B. though he was

C. he was though D. was he though

解析 句意:尽管对工资不满意,但为获得一些工作经验,他还是接受了这份工作。though引导状语从句可用倒装的形式,此句是主系表结构,倒装时将从句中的表语形容词unsatisfied置于句首,故B项正确。此句though引导,也可以不倒装,前半句也可写为:Though he was unsatisfied with the payment。

8. if 引导条件状语从句表虚拟语气,if省略引起的倒装

if引导条件状语从句用于虚拟语气,如将if省略,则将were, had或should提到句首,形成倒装形式。

例11 (2006湖北卷) _______ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.

A. Would you be B. Should you be

C. Could you be D. Might you be

解析 句意:万一你被解雇,你的医疗救助和其他方面的福利不会立即被取消。正确判断此题答案可以分两步:首先,弄清楚if条件句中根据时间确定的三种动词虚拟形式,即:had+过去分词(与过去有关),动词的过去式(与现在有关),did/were to do/should do (与将来有关);第二步:根据主句的时态可判断出从句动作与将来有关,所以要用与将来有关的虚拟,由此可选出正确答案为B项,相当于If you should be fired... 。

9. “adj./分词+be+主语”句型

当主语前置时,如果主语较长或者主语结构比较复杂,这种主语的前置就会引起倒装。(为了平衡句子需要,或者出于强调的目的,会将句子的主语后置,这种倒装多见于将句子的现在分词、过去分词或形容词提到句首。例如:

Happy indeed are those who receive marvelous news after a long silence. 在漫长的静默等待后得到这么好的消息,那些人简直是乐坏了。

Sitting at the back of the room was a shy girl with two big eyes. 坐在教室后面的是一个害羞的有着两只大眼睛的女孩。

Gone are the days when we used foreign oil. 我们用洋油的日子一去不复返了。

处理好倒装句的解题关键是首先判断是部分倒装还是完全倒装,在熟悉了高考倒装句考点的这几种句型后,题目自然迎刃而解。

【巩固练习】

1. Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to my program. ____ me this evening is Dr. Gray.

A. To join B. Join C. Joined D. Joining

2. Out _____, with a stick in his hand.

A. did he rush B. rushed he C. he rushed D. he did rush

3. _____ you eat the correct foods _____ be able to keep fit and stay healthy.

A. Only if; will you B. Only if; you will

C. Unless; will you D. Unless; you will

4. We laugh at jokes, but seldom _____ about how they work.

A. we think B. think we C. we do think D. do we think

5. John opened the door. There _____ he had never seen before.

A. a girl did stand B. a girl stood

C. did a girl stand D. stood a girl

部分倒装范文第4篇

语言是交际最基本的形式和手段,各种语言的语句都有它的语义功能。倒装句倒装的语义功能有两种:一是语法倒装,二是修辞倒装。前者是出于语法上的需要,非用倒装语系不可,有强制性;后者出于达到某种修辞效果(如强调、平衡、衔接、描绘)在高中语法倒装句的教学中,我们的目标是:1.依据新课标及考纲要求,认识倒装句在英语句型中的重要性。2.从结构上分清全倒装与部分倒装的主谓语系。在现行的新教材和近年来的各省、市、全国高考题中,倒装句都是学习的重点和考核的重点,尤其是在书面表达中,若善用倒装句,更能生动地表情达意并获高分。因此,研究、学习、运用倒装句是非常必要的。如为了修辞和经典语言的表达,下例名段用了倒装表现手法:

请欣赏朗费罗(Longfellow)《雪花》中的一节:

Out of the bosom of the Air,挣脱苍天的怀抱

Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,冲出她摇摆的云叠衣衫

Over the woodlands brown and bare,飘过棕色的林地

Over the harvest-fields forsaken,飞越被遗弃的丰收田

Silent,and soft,and slow,悄悄轻轻慢慢地

Descends the snow.雪花飘落

二、呈现。倒装类型

全倒装:表示运动方向或地点的副词位于句首/表示地点的介词短语句位于句首/ 表语位于句首/表示祝愿的句子 +谓语动词+主语+其它;

部份倒装:only+状语位于句首/否定、半否定词位于句首/neither,nor,so,引导的结构位于句首/省略的虚拟条件状语从句/表示祝愿的句子 + 功能动词 + 主语 + 谓语动词 + 其它;

例1:全部倒装句(摘自高中教材)

Among the speakers was China’s Premier Zhu Rongji.(高二)

There exist serious problems and there is still time to take action (高二上)

Topical for China is the crosstalk show,… (高一下)

Then came a smell of sulphur,and the flames.(高二上 )

例2:部份倒装句

1)Only when your identity has been checked are you allowed in .(上海)

2)The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once have they quarreled with each other.(NMET)

3)―It’s nice. Never before have I had such a special drink!(2011福建)

4)Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation (高二上)

三、观察与思考

观察以上例句,我们发现全部倒装句与部分倒装句在句子的结构上有何不同。把观察的重点放在主语、谓语上发现:

1.全倒装是由“如there/among/then 等相关键词(组+谓语动词+主语+其它”构成。

2.部分倒装是由“如only/never/nor等关键词+功能动词(即助动词或情态动词)+主语+谓语动词+其它”构成。

四、巧解倒装句

从以上例句可看出,倒装句句型复杂难以掌握,但英语语言的表达结构跟我们的母语一样,只要我们善于观察、归纳总结,都能找到它们之间的规律,以便学习记忆和运用。

请看下例顺口溜:

方位提前全倒装,thus、now、then、such帮;

表语句首展头角,Long live China!全都(音倒)上;

程频、虚拟、否定半,neither、nor、so、让步状,

only+状语开了头,May you have great fun!

还有个别特殊词,单独记记又何妨。

诠释:方位:指there、here 或out、in、up、down、away、near、in the distance、off、on、under、below、above、round等表示方位或位置变移的副词置于句首时,thus、now、then、such置于句首时,用全倒装句子式:

例:1) Near the tree were two boys playing football.

2) Round the corner is walking an old man .(但是,当主语是人称代词时,主谓不倒装,如:Out went Tom.Out he went.)

3)Then/Thus followed two days of heavy snow.

五、巩固

1)Thus followed three days of rain(倒装)

2)Now comes my turn.( 倒装)

3)Rock music is OK,and so is skiing.(高一上)

4)I don’t enjoy singing,nor do I like computers. (高一上)

5)Only by changing the way we live can we save the earth.

(高二上)

6)In front of the house is sitting a boy .

7)?―I would never come to this restaurant again. The food is terrible!

―Neither would I .(全国卷Ⅲ)

8)I failed in the final examination last term and only then did I realize

the importance of studies.(NMET4重庆)

部分倒装范文第5篇

关键词: 高等学校英语应用能力考试 倒装语法 真题

高等学校英语应用能力的考试大纲明确指出,该考试的目的是考查学生的英语语言知识和技能,以及使用英语处理有关一般业务和涉外交际的基本能力。考试笔试试题分为听力理解、语法结构、阅读理解、翻译(英译汉)和 写作(或汉译英)五个部分。其中考查学生运用语法知识的能力的试题占总分的15%,在需要学生掌握的语法结构里就包括倒装语法。本文结合历年高等学校英语应用能力考试真题,和读者一起学习倒装语序的用法,备战应用能力考试。

英语语法的正常表述和中文是一样的,都依次遵循“主谓宾”的顺序,再根据需要加上定语、状语或补语。但是在某些情况下,由于语境的需要,如强调句中某一成分、注重上下文衔接等,我们会根据语法规则,更改句子的正常语序,把一些本来在主语之后的句子成分提到主语前面,这种语法现象我们就称为倒装。根据句子谓语动词提至主语前面的不同情况,我们把倒装分为部分倒装和全部倒装。在这里我们主要学习部分倒装。

部分倒装,顾名思义,即谓语动词的一部分前置到主语的前面。在做题的过程中,考生要准确把握的是需要把谓语动词的哪一部分提到主语的前面,这主要由句子的时态决定。如果句子的时态是现在完成时、过去完成时或者谓语动词部分含有情态动词,这个时候我们只需要分别将have,has,had或情态动词提到主语的前面,句子的其他成分不变;如果句子的时态是一般现在时、一般过去时,我们就需要根据时态分别借助助动词do,does或did,将它们提至主语前面,这时别忘了将相对应的谓语动词变回动词原形,仍然跟在主语后面。这是部分倒装句的做题基本思路,在掌握此思路的基础上,我们只需要记牢英语当中在哪些情况之下需要用倒装语序就可以了。

“Only+状语”放句首时,句子必须用部分倒装语序。我们可以看看下面几个真题。

1.Only after the secretary saw the train disappear in sight ?摇 ?摇 the railway station.(2015年12月高职高专英语应用能力A级真题)

A.he leaves B.has he left C.he left D.did he leave

当秘书看到火车消失在视野中时,他才离开车站。“离开车站”这个动作发生在“火车消失”之后,所以我们在选择时态时,前后一致,用过去的某个时态,而在四个选项中,只有D符合要求,因此选择答案D。

2.Only after we really understand your business ?摇 ?摇 a suitable insurance program for you.(2013年6月高职高专英语应用能力A级真题)

A.can we recommend B.we can recommend

C.recommend we can D.recommend can we

这道题我们只要记住了当“Only+状语”放句首时,句子必须用部分倒装语序,而且部分倒装的语法原则是把助动词或情态动词提至主语的前面,正确答案就凸显了,符合条件的答案为A。

3.Only when we hurried to the airport ?摇 ?摇 the flight was cancelled.(2010年6月高职高专英语应用能力A级真题)

A.we found B.did we find

C.have we found D.we have found

正确答案:B

4.Only when we had finished all the work ?摇 ?摇 that it was too late to take a bus home.(2008年6月高职高专英语应用能力A级真题)

A.did we realize B.will we realize

C.we did realize D.we will realize

正确答案:A

固定的连词搭配,如no sooner ....than , hardly/scarcely...when (一……就……), not ..until ..(直到……才……)等引起的主句,而这些连词又在句首时,那主句部分需要用部分倒装。如:

1.No sooner ?摇 ?摇 his job in a small company than he received an offer from a big international firm.(2013年12月高职高专英语应用能力A级真题)

正确答案:C

A.he quit B.he had quit C.had he quit D.does he quit

2.No sooner ?摇 ?摇 than I realized I’d left the document at home.(2012年12月高职高专英语应用能力A级真题)

A.have we sat down B.had we sat down

C.we had sat down D.we sat down

正确答案:B

3.Not until she arrived at the meeting room ?摇 ?摇 she had forgotten to bring the document.(2009年6月高职高专英语应用能力A级真题)

A.she realized B.did she realize

C.she did realize D.does she realize

正确答案:B

4.Not until that day ?摇 ?摇the importance of good manners in a job interview (2008年12月高职高专英语应用能力A级真题)

A.did I realize B.I did realize

C.I have realized D.have I realized

正确答案:A

5.Not until yesterday ?摇 ?摇 anything about the project that will be completed soon.

(2007年6月高职高专英语应用能力A级真题)

A.did I learn B.have I learnt C.I learnt D.that I learnt

部分倒装范文第6篇

这好办。学语法,找规律,做个有心人;变复杂为简单,巧记固定搭配。下面就部分语法知识进行归纳:一、非谓语动词

“非谓语动词”可分为动词不定式、动名词和分词。它在句子中的作用很多:除了不作谓语外,它可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语与复合宾语(主语补语或宾语补语)。有些及物动词后面接不带to的不定式作复合宾语。这些动词归纳如下:一感(feel).二听(hear,listento),三让(have,1et,make),四看(see,watCh,notice,observe)。再加上helpsomebody(to)dosomething和美国英语lookatsomebodydosomthing。还有“二让”属特殊:getsomebodytodosomething与keepsomebodydoing。而有些及物动词后面接动名词(the-ingform)作宾语。这些动词归纳为一句话:PapaCmakesfriends。这是由如下动词的开头字母组成:permit,advise,practise,avoid,consider,mind,allow,keep,enjoy,suggest,finish,risk,imagine,escape,need,delay,stand(忍受)。为了容易记住,也可以编成顺口溜:“允许完成练习,建议避免冒险,考虑延期逃跑,喜欢保持想象,需要反对忍受”。其相对应的动词依次是:permit/allow,finish,practise;

advise/suggest,avoid,risk:consider,delay,escape/miss;enjoy/appreciate,keep,imagine;need/want/require,mind.can''''thelp/can’tstand。

二、复合句

1、学生最容易混淆的是定语从句与同位语从句的区别。

例如:A、Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthematchistrue.(同位语从句)

B、Thenewsthathetoldussurprisedeverybodyhere.(定语从句)

关键的区别在于连接或关系代词that:有意义的是定语,无意义的是同位。因为引导定语从句的that在从句中作主语或宾语,而引导同位语从句的that只起到连接词的作用。

2、接着容易混淆的是引导定语从句的关系代词that与which:that之前是不定(代词)、序数(词)、(形容词)最高级:which之前是介词短语与逗号(非限制性)。

例如:A、Allthatwehavetodoistopractiseeveryday.

B、ThefirstlessonthatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten.

C、Ihavelostmypen,whichIlikeverymuch.

D、Thehouseinfrontofwhichthereisagardenismyhome.

三、It的用法

1、It除了代替人和物以外,还可以作形式主语。而真正的主语(不定式、动名词或从句)则放于谓语或表语之后。

例如:Itisnoreasytofinishtheworkintwodays.

然而有少数表语之后接动名词作真正的主语。这些表语是:无助(nohelp)、无用(nouse)、没好处(nogood);工作(hardwork)、费时(awasteoftime)、又危险(adanger)。

例如:A、Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.

B、Itisawasteoftimewaitingforhim.

2、It还可以作形式宾语。通常下列动词后面可接it作形式宾语:2f2tcjm(find,feel,think,take,consider,judge,make)。

例如:A、Hemadeitclearthathewasnotinterestedinthissubject.

B、Ithinkitnousearguingwithhim.

3、It用于强调句式。要强调句子的某一部分(主语、宾语、状语),可以把it当作先行词。这种句子的结构是:Itis(was)+被强调部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分。

例如:A、ItiSProfessorLinwhoteachesusEnglish—(强调主语)

B、ItwasinShanghaithatlsawthefilm.—(强调状语)

C、Itwasin1990thatIworkedinthefactory.(同上)

但要注意与定语从句的区别。

例如:D、Itwas1990whenIworkedinthefactory.(定语从句)

在强调句式里,我们把强调结构Itis(was)…that除去,句子还很完整。如例句C。而例句D就不能。

四、倒装结构

学生容易混淆的是全部倒装与部分倒装。如何区分之,编个顺口溜:副(adv.)介(prep.)提前全倒装,其它句式部分倒;否定提前倒助动,让步状语倒表语;复合句式倒主句,不

倒装的属特殊。下面举例说明:

A、Herecomesthebus.(副词提前,全倒装)

B、Herehecomes.(代词作主语,不倒装)

C、Infrontofthehouseliesagarden.(介词短语提前,全倒装)

D、NevershallIdothisagain.(否定词提前,部分倒装)

E、Youngasheis,heknowsalot.(让步状语从句,表语倒装)

F、OnlywhenhetoldmedidIrealizewhattroublehewasin.(only修饰状语,主句倒装)

G、Onlyhecansavethepatient.(only修饰主语.不倒装)

H、Notonlywillhelpbegiventopeople,butalsomedicaltreatmentwillbeprovided.(否定词提前,部分倒装

I、Notonlyhebutalsowelikesports.(连接两个主语,不倒装)

五、虚拟语气

虚拟语气也是一个难点。所谓虚拟语气是表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议,而不表示客观存在的事实。它通过句子的谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。现归纳如下:纯假设,用虚拟,动词时态退一级:条件句,分主从,主句谓语前加would(should,could,might);表愿望,用虚拟,wish后面接宾语(从句):现在过去与将来,动词时态退一级:提建议,用虚拟,宾语(从句)动词用(should)do:俩建议,三要求,再加坚持与命令(suggest,advise,demand,require,request,insist,order):Itistime和eoukdrather,后接丛句用虚拟:部分主语从句中,谓语用虚拟结构(Itisnecessry/important/natural/natural/strange/strangethat……shoulddo)。下面举例说明:

A、Ifyoucametomorrow,wewouldhavethemetting.(条件句虚拟)

B、Withoutair,therewouldbenolivingthings.(同上)

C、Wewishwehadarrivedtheretwohoursearlier.(表示愿望虚拟)

D、Hedemandedthatwe(should)startrightaway.(表示建议虚拟)

E、Itis(high)timethatweleft(shouldleave)now.(特殊从句虚拟)

F、Iwouldratheryougavemethebook.(同上)

G、Itisnecessarythatweshouldcleantheroomeveryday,(主语从句虚拟)

部分倒装范文第7篇

关键词: 英语 德语 倒装结构 差异

1.引言

在语言的学习和实际运用中,倒装语序是其中的一个表现形式。因为一句话的表达应用何种语序,这与讲话人的表现意图、句型结构和某些词的特殊要求是密切相关的。语序指句子中句子成分之间的顺序,是指语言要素,如单词、短语、词组等的排列顺序和逻辑关系,作为一种语言现象,语序是语言线性特点造成的必然结果。倒装语序是把谓语动词或谓语的一部分放在主语前面的语序,这与我们习惯上使用的主语在前、谓语在后的自然语序(Natural Order)相反,因而称为倒装语序(Inverted Order)。德语倒装形式和英语倒装形式的构成和用法都存在较大差异。

2.英德倒装形式的构成差异

2.1英语倒装构成

英语倒装结构分为两种:把谓语动词直接置于主语之前的全部倒装(Full Inversion);把谓语的系动词、助动词或情态动词部分置于主语之前的部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。

2.1.1全部倒装

全部倒装是指把整个谓语放在主语前面,包含六种情况:

①There be结构,以及有些不及物动词,如exist,lie,stand,remain,appear,come,sit,enter etc.如:

1)There stands a monument at the center of the square.

3)The door opened and there entered a middle-aged man in a blue coat.

②有些感叹句 (Exclamatory sentences)中,如:

1)How dreadful is this place!

2)What a poor fool were you!

③某些表小祝愿(desire)或让步(concession)的句子,如:

1)Long live our beloved motherland.

2)Cost what it may,I will stick it out.

④以here,there,now,then,thus,hence等词引导的句子,但其主语不能是人称代词。如:

1)Here is a ticket for you.

2)Thus ended the lecture.

⑤为了使描写更生动,副词up,down,in,out,off,away,back等或拟声词常位于句首,引起全部倒装。如:

1)Following the roar,out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.

2)In came the girls,singing and talking.

⑥当一个句子无宾语而主语又较长,为使句子平衡,常可将状语提前,同时把谓语也放到主语前面,形成全部倒装。比如:

1)Opposite our teaching building stands a department store.

2)By the river stands a hydroelectric station which is the largest in this area.

2.1.2部分倒装

部分倒装是指谓语的一部分,即助动词、情态动词或系动词放在主语前面。在助动词提前时需注意主语后面的动词要恢复原型。部分倒装分以下六种情况。

①only修饰状语,置于句首时。比如:

Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion.

②否定副词或含有否定意义的词语置于句首时,采用部分倒装,如no,never,little,seldom,rarely,hardly,few,frequently,not until,not only,nowhere,by no means,on no account,in no sense,in no respects,in no shape,in no way,in no case,at no time,in/under no circumstances/consideration,hardly...when,scarcely(barely )...before or when,no sooner...than等。如:

1)Under no circumstances will China be the first time to use nuclear weapons.

2)No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.

③省略if的虚拟条件句,以were,should或had开头。如:

1)Were it not for him,we might he worse off.

2)Had I been informed earlier,I could have done something.

3)Should anyone call,tell him to wait for me here.

④so...that结构中so放于句首常引起部分倒装,“so+形容词”是主语补足语的前置; “so+副词”是主语的前置。如:

1)So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.

⑤由so,neither,nor,或no more,替代前句内容,避免重复。如:

1)He has finished his work,so have I.

2)―I won’t do such a thing !―Nor/Neither will I.

⑥为了加强语气或让句子结构平衡,在“as引起的方式状语从句和“than”引起的比较状语从句中,如果主语是名词,从句可以用倒装语序,如:

1)Air is attracted by the earth as is every other substance.

2)The atoms of some substances loses their electrons more readily than do the atoms of some other substances.

2.2德语倒装构成

德语中的倒装结构主要分为两种:反语序(die Umstellung)和尾语序(die Endstellung),与英语中的完全倒装和部分倒装形成方法迥然不同。

2.2.1反语序

与英语相比较,德语的语序比较灵活,它的简单句一般有两种形式:正语序(die Grundstellung)和反语序(die Umstellung)。正语序按照“主语+谓语+宾语+(状语)”这一顺序排列,如: Ich schreibe gerne einen Brief an sie. 反语序是指句子以其他成分开头,谓语居第二位,主语居第三位;或者句子以谓语(人称变化部分)开头,主语居第二位(赵仲,2001:25)。同样是陈述句,上面的句子可以写成:

Einen Brief schreibe ich gerne an sie.

Gerne schreibe ich einen Brief an sie.

An sie schreibe ich gerne einen Brief.

此外,德语中除了aber,denn,und,sondern,oder这五个连词位于句首时为正语序,其他的连词后均为反语序(王兆渠 1998)。如:

1)Dennoch ist der Bruder nicht der beste Freund.(Georgiakaki,2001:25)

2)Trotzdem ist die Stimmung moistens gut.(Georgiakaki,2001:68)

2.2.2尾语序

德语从句(包括主语从句、宾语从句、状语从句、表语从句、定语从句)里的谓语动词一律放在从句末,这种语序称为尾语序(die Endstellung),如:

1)Wenn Jugendliche dann abends ihre Sportschue ausziehen,riechen die Schuhe oft furchtbar.(Georgiakaki,2001:19)

2)Jetzt sind die Wissenschaftler zu dem Ergebnis gekommen,dass ?tzi ein Hirte war. (Georgiakaki,2001:55)

3.英德倒装结构的用法差异

虽然德语和英语同属于印欧语系,在语法、语音和词汇表达等各方面存在许多相近的规则,但两者毕竟是截然不同的语言,在表意功能和句子结构上有着诸多差异。

3.1英德倒装语序基本规则

施话者在传递信息时对语素的排列有一个逻辑的次序和安排。英语由于历史原因及语言使用者的相对混杂,受到许多外民族语言的影响,使得词汇和语法的使用较为灵活,而德语使用者较为单一,语法相对复杂,词汇也相对贫乏,从而更加借助语序的灵活多样性来弥补表义的目的。如:

Vater hat mir gestern den Apfel geschenkt.(父亲昨天给了我一个苹果。)

句中的 “mir”、“gestern”、“den Apfel”、“geschenkt”都可作为主语位于句首形成五种意义不同的排列。同样的句子在英语中则需要改写和变形才能达到这一目的。这一例子充分说明德语语序比英语更为灵活。

3.2英德倒装语序传递信息的方式[3]

英德两种语言在传递信息时一般有两种方式:

①表时间和空间关系,比较:

Maria heiratete and bekam ein kind.(玛利亚结婚了又有了一个孩子。)

Maria bekam ein kind and heiratete.(玛利亚有了一个孩子又结婚了。)

根据德语的语法规则,前一句表玛利亚先结婚后生子,而后一句则是她先有了孩子后才结婚。而用英语表达就不能仅靠变换语序,需添加适当的表时间和空间的词或短语。如:

He handed in a good essay. His previous essays were all poor.

为表时间的先后,句子用了斜体的previous essay来连接句子。

②语序与语义中心

我们可借助语调、表情或动作等手段强调口语表达的中重点信息,但在书面语中却不能。我们只能通过改变语序,即变换语素的排列顺序来构成倒装语序,以强调某一信息点。下面通过对英德两组对话对比来说明倒装语序对语义中心的作用。

如:――Haben die Leute Kinder?(他们有孩子吗?)

――Einen Sohn haben sie. Andreas heisst er.(有一个儿子,叫安德烈。)

显然,答语并没有按照正常的语序组织,而是将重要信息“Einen Sohn”和“Andreas”放到句首构成倒装结构,直奔主题,使重点突出,句意表达更加自然清晰。其实,在现实生活中也很少听到德国人用“Sie haben einen Sohn.Er heisst Andreas.”(他们有一个儿子,他的名字叫做安德烈)来回答。再如,我们说:“Ich bin nichts ins Theater gegangen,sondern ins konzert.”(我没有去看戏,而是去听音乐会了。)正常的语序合乎语法,却显得平淡而乏味,若将主语与介词宾语调换顺序,形成反语序,则效果截然不同:“Ins Theater bin ich nicht gegangen,sondern ins konzert.”(看戏我没去,而是去听音乐会了。)

通过以上两个德语例子可知德语的语义中心一般在句首。在德语中既可以将语义中心置于句首以便突出主题,又可根据不同体裁将语义中心放于句末以吸引读者。而英语中则不同,一段信息中新的或最重要的内容应置于接近句末的地方。

如:Because I was too ill to go to school,I asked for a leave for two days.

I asked for a leave for two days because I was too ill to go to school.

很明显,第一句旨在强调“I asked for a leave for two days”(由于我病得走不动了,不得不请两天假)。而第二句强调的是“I was too ill to go to school”(我之所以请两天假是因为我病得走不动了)。可见,英语的语义中心在句尾,语序的改变使两个句子强调的重点产生了不同。

4.结语

倒装结构作为一种语言现象,对篇章语义的表达、衔接、连贯等有着至关重要的作用。学习者应该注意到,英语和德语作为同一语族中的两种不同的语言,除了在语法、词汇等表层结构上有着本质区别,还在语言的深层结构上,如语序安排、语义策略等方面有着各种各样的特点,从而使两种语言在各自的运用实践中能取其长而避其短,利用各自语言结构的优势表达丰富生动的语义。

参考文献:

[1]Georgiakaki著.崔岚注释.Lesetraining[M].外语教学与研究出版社,2001.

[2]黄国文.语篇分析概要[M].湖南:湖南教育出版社,1987. 6: 64-73,87-114.

[3]梅高蓓,何畏,张红燕.浅析英德语序的差异 [J].武汉科技学院学报,2005.

[4]王成山.英语倒装句[J].承德民族师专学报,2001.

部分倒装范文第8篇

特殊句式是高考英语单选题中的考点之一,它主要考查“倒装句、强调句、反意疑问句、省略句、it和there句式”等,其中针对“倒装句”考点的试题屡屡出现,其次是“强调句”和“反意疑问句”。

一、倒装句

倒装有两种形式,一是主谓倒装,二是其他句子成分的倒装。近年来,高考英语试题中出现了以下十种“以……开头”的倒装句考点:

(一)以否定副词开头

以never, hardly, seldom, little, few, nowhere, not, no, not until, by no means, hardly…when, no sooner… than等否定副词开头的句子,大多采用部分倒装语序。例如:

①Little did he know that the police were after him. 他一点也不知道警察在找他。

②Hardly had he arrived at the station when the train began to leave. 他一到车站,火车就开动了。

【试题】1. Never before seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert. (2012年江西卷)

A. had sheB. she had

C. has sheD. she has

2. No sooner his speech than the newspaper reporters fired off a series of questions.

A. had the president finished

B. the president had finished

C. the president finished

D. finished the president

【解析】第1题以否定副词never开头,因此句子的谓语应使用部分倒装语序,故选C。

第2题no sooner从句中的谓语要用过去完成时,且要用部分倒装语序,故选A。

(二)以so, neither, nor开头

表示“也”的so、“也不”的neither和nor位于句首,且谓语是连系动词be时,句子用完全倒装语序;谓语是行为动词时,句子用部分倒装语序。例如:

①The publishers and authors who give away free e\|books still make money, and so do the musicians who give away free music. 提供免费电子图书的出版商和作者还是有利可图的,提供免费音乐的音乐人也不例外。

②Mary doesn’t like swimming, neither/nor does her elder sister Kate. 玛丽不喜欢游泳,她姐姐凯特也不喜欢。

特别提醒:1.如果so表示“确实如此”,则后面的主谓不用倒装语序。例如:

―John has done a good job. 约翰干得不错。

―So he has. 他的确干得不错。

2.注意例②中neither后的谓语要用肯定式。例如:

I didnt say anything at the meeting and neither did anyone else. 我在会议上什么都没说,其他人也是沉默不语。

【试题】1.― I dont know about you, but Im sick and tired of this weather.

― . I cant stand all this rain. (2012年山东卷)

A. I dont careB. Its hard to say

C. So am ID. I hope not

2. ―I hear Huang Gang made an English speech at the graduation ceremony yesterday.

―, and .

A. So he did; so did I

B. So did he; so I did

C. So he was; so was I

D. So was he; so I was

【解析】第1题but Im sick and tired of this weather中的谓语是连系动词am,因此下句表示“我也是”,应用So am I,故选C。

第2题第1个空处的意思应该是“他的确如此”,第2个空处的意思应该是“我也如此”,因此应选择A项。

(三)以so … that结构中的“so+形容词/副词”开头

当so … that结构中的“so+形容词/副词”位于句子开头时, so这个句子要用倒装语序,但that从句不用倒装语序。例如:

①So frightened was he in the darkness that he didnt dare to move an inch. 他在黑暗中如此害怕,以致他寸步难行。

②So loudly did he speak that he was heard upstairs. 他说话声音这么大,楼上都听得见。

【试题】1. So difficult it to live in an English\|speaking country that I was determined to learn English.

A. I have feltB. have I felt

C. I did feelD. did I feel

2. So that no fish can live in it.

A. the lake is shallow

B. shallow the lake is

C. shallow is the lake

D. is the lake shallow

【解析】第1题中的that I was determined属一般过去时,因此在so difficult开头的倒装句中也要用一般过去时did I feel,故选D。

第2题中,so后应先接形容词shallow,再接主谓倒装式is the lake,因此应选择C项。

(四)以only, not only…but also, neither…nor开头

以“only+副词/介词短语”,“only + when/after从句”,not only…but also, neither…nor等开头的句子使用倒装语序的用法规则是:

only后接一副词或介词短语,如only then, only in this way, only with hard work等,句子要用倒装语序;

only when, only after等引导从句时,后面的主句要用倒装语序;

not only…but also各引导一个句子时,在not only这个句子中应使用倒装语序;

neither…nor各引导一个句子时,在neither和nor这两个句子中都要使用倒装语序。

请看例句:

①Only then will their true value to the organization be fully realized. 只有到那时这个组织的真正价值才能被体现出来。

②Only when a reservoir is built here can we solve our irrigation problem. 只有在这里修个水库, 才能解决灌溉问题。

③Not only should we learn from books, but also we should learn from practice. 我们不但要向书本学习,还要向实践学习。

④Neither has he gone to see her, nor will he do so. 他没有去看她,也不想那么做。

【试题】1. Only after Mary read her composition the second time the spelling mistake. (2012年天津卷)

A. did she notice

B. she notice

C. does she notice

D. she has noticed

2. Not only a promise, but also it.

A. he made; he kept

B. did he make; he kept

C. did he make; did he keep

D. he made; did he keep

3. Neither a sister nor .

A. does Mrs. White have; her husband does

B. does Mrs. White have; does her husband

C. Mrs. White has; her husband does

D. has Mrs. White; her husband does

【解析】第1题属“only修饰状语”开头,因此句子或主句要用倒装语序,故选A。

第2题属not only…but also各引导一个句子的句型,在not only这个句子中应使用倒装语序,故选B。

第3题是neither…nor各引导一个句子,前后两个句子都应使用倒装语序,故选B。

(五)以here, there, first, then开头

以here, there, first或then开头,且谓语动词是be, go, come, stand, lie, live时,句子常用完全倒装语序,其中以there开头的倒装句考点最为常见。例如:

①Here are some of my ideas. What would you add? 这是我的一些想法,你有什么补充的吗?

②There stands a small bookcase near the window of my room. 在我房间的窗户边上,有一个小巧的书柜。

③First is the weather, which is the most important for a picnic. 首先是天气,这对野餐来说是最重要的。

④Then comes the problem of trying to dress yourself properly for work. 接下来的问题是,如何尽力做到穿着得体去上班。

特别提醒:here, there和then后动词的单、复数要与后面的名词保持一致。另外,在这种倒装句式中,一般将来时应用一般现在时表示。

【试题】1. The old man pointed to the grave and said, “Here who loved us and whom we love.”

A. the one liesB. lies the one

C. the one layD. does the one lie

2. First your final conclusion on your work of this year, and then your plan for the next year.

A. is; comesB. are; comes

C. is; comeD. are; come

【解析】第1题引号中的句子以here开头,后面直接用lies构成“完全倒装”,句意是:老人指着那座坟墓说,“这里躺着的是爱我们和我们爱的朋友。”故选B。

第2题分别以first和then开头,后面直接用is和comes构成“完全倒装”,句意是:首先是对你今年工作的总结,然后是关于下一年的工作计划。故选A。

(六)以介词短语及动词\|ing短语开头

用作地点状语的介词短语以及动词\|ing短语位于句首时,句子常用完全倒装语序。此时,谓语动词主要是be, stand, sit, live, lie等。例如:

①Inside the tomb were the bodies of the King and Queen. 这个坟墓里埋葬的是国王和王后的尸体。

②In the front of the stage stood the famous singer. 台前站着的就是那位著名歌手。

特别提醒:这类介词短语以及动词\|ing短语后动词的单、复数要与后面的名词保持一致。

【试题】1. At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River , one of the ten largest cities in China.

A. lies Chongqing

B. Chongqing lies

C. does lie Chongqing

D. does Chongqing lie

2. Standing on the top of the tall building a radio and television transmission tower, which was built last year.

A. areB. were

C. isD. was

【解析】第1题中,At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River是表示方位的地点状语位于句首,句子要用完全倒装,故选A。

第2题中,Standing on the top of the tall building属动词\|ing短语位于句首,句子要用完全倒装,故选C。

(七)以省略if的虚拟条件句开头

英语虚拟条件句省略if时就要采用倒装式,直接把were, should或had 移到从句的句首。高考英语题中,常用这类倒装式从句考查主句谓语表示法。例如:

①Were my father here now, he would tell me what to do. 要是我父亲现在在这,他会告诉我该怎么做。

②Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy would have been saved.要是知道这个电脑程序,我就已经节省了大量的时间和经历了。

③Should it snow tomorrow, we would have a snowball fight together, OK? 如果明天下雪,我们一起去打雪仗好吗?

【试题】1. Had they known what was coming next, they second thoughts.

A. may haveB. could have

C. must have hadD. might have had

2. to the doctor, you would be all right now.

A. Had you listened

B. You had listened

C. If had listened

D. Had listened you

3. you where I am from, just say Im your sister.

A. He should ask

B. Should he ask

C. Should ask he

D. Should he ask

【解析】第1题考查倒装式从句后的主句谓语表示法,根据had known的提示,可知是与过去事实相反,因此主句中应该用might have had,故选D。

第2题考查与过去事实相反的倒装式表达法,因此应选Had you listened。

第3题考查虚拟语气将来情况的倒装式表达法,因此要选Should he ask。

(八)以as和however构成让步状语从句的开头

as引导让步状语从句时,应把相应的形容词、副词、动词等放在句首。however引导让步状语从句时,也是在这个从句本身构成倒装语序,有两种构成形式:“however+形容词/副词+主语+谓语”和“however+形容词+名词+主语+谓语”。例如:

①Old as he is, he works like a young man. 尽管他很老了,但他工作起来却像个年轻人。

②Hard as they tried, they couldnt make her change her mind. 尽管他们做了很大努力,却没法让她改变主意。

③However carefully I explained, she still didnt understand. 无论我解释得多么仔细,她还是没弄懂。

④However difficult a problem it is, we should try to solve it. 无论这是多难的问题,我们都应该努力解决它。

特别提醒:as/though引导让步状语从句时,如果表语是名词,即使是单数可数名词,这个名词前面也不用冠词。例如:

Teacher as he is, he cannot teach all subjects. 虽然他是个教师,但他教不了所有的科目。

【试题】1. , he can succeed in his work if he works hard. That does not admit of any doubt.

A. Though is a person stupid

B. A person is stupid

C. Stupid as a person is

D. Stupid though is a person

2. Try she might, Sue couldnt get the door open.

A. ifB. when

C. sinceD. as

3. you may have, you should gather your courage to face the challenge.

A. However a serious problem

B. What a serious problem

C. However serious a problem

D. What serious a problem

【解析】第1题的句意是:一个人虽然不太聪明,但如果他辛勤工作的话,他也能成功,那是不容置疑的。故选C。

第2题属“动词+as+主语+情态动词”的倒装式。句意是:虽然她想方设法,可就是弄不开门。故选D。

第3题属“however+形容词+名词+主语+谓语”的倒装式。句意是:无论你遇到多么严峻的问题,你都应该鼓起勇气去面对挑战。故选C。

(九)以“动词+副词”短语中的副词开头

英语中,有些由“动词+副词”构成的短语动词,可以将其中的副词放在动词之前构成倒装句,此时这个句子的主语通常是名词。例如:

①Down went the small boat slowly. 小船慢慢地沉下去了。

②Up and down went the four friends, shouting and roaring, and their sticks whistled through the air. 四个朋友跳上跳下,他们大叫着咆哮着,他们的棍子在空气里虎虎生风。

特别提醒:如果主语不是名词而是人称代词,则只将副词提前,后面仍用“主语+动词”的形式。例如:

①Up it went into the cloudless sky. 它升上了无云的天空。

②Away she went without a word. 她一句话没说就走开了。

【试题】1.The window opened andthe small bird.

A. flew awayB. away flew

C. was flying awayD. away flying

2. and caught the mouse.

A. Up the cat jumped

B. The cat up jumped

C. Up jumped the cat

D. Jumped up the cat

3. when they saw their room on fire.

A. out rushed they

B. rushed out they

C. They out rushed

D. Out they rushed

【解析】第1、2题中,句子的主语都是名词,因此要用“副词+动词+主语”的倒装式。故分别选B、C。

第3题中,句子的主语是代词they,因此要用“副词+主语+动词”的倒装式,故选D。

(十)以“表语”开头

以表语开头的倒装构成形式是“表语+连系动词+主语”。例如:

①Present at the meeting is our English teacher, who was once honored as a model teacher. 出席会议的是我们的英语老师,他曾被授予过模范教师的称号。

②Gone is the time when peasants lived in the poor houses. 农民住破旧房子的时代已经过去了。

③Later they beat their enemy and retook the city. Such was the result. 后来,他们打败了敌人,重新占领了那座城市。结果就是这样。

④Such were the results of his own original research. 这些就是他独创性研究的成果。

特别提醒:在这类倒装句式中,动词的单、复数要与后面的名词保持一致。比较例句:

①Such is his friend. 他的朋友就是这样。(friend是单数,谓语用is。)

②Such are his friends. 他的朋友们就是这样。(friends是复数,谓语用are。)

【试题】1. when you had to wait for the morning newspaper to know what is going all around the world.

A. Gone are the days

B. Gone is the days

C. Gone was the days

D. Gone the days are

2. , a simple man and one of the greatest scientists in the 20th century.

A. Such is Albert Einstein

B. Such Albert Einstein is

C. Such was Albert Einstein

D. Such Albert Einstein was

【解析】第1题中,the days是复数,因此谓语动词要用are。句意是:你只有等待晨报才知道世界各地正在发生什么事的日子一去不复返了。故选A。

第2题中,主语Albert Einstein是单数,是已故之人,因此这个倒装句式要用“Such was Albert Einstein”。

二、强调句

高考英语单选题“强调句”的考点主要是“It is/was … that”表达法,以及“助动词do/does/did+原形动词”表达法。

(一)“It is/was … that”表达法

英语最常用的强调句型是“It is/was … that …”,主要用来强调主语、表语、宾语或状语。在这种句型中,it没有词义,只是引出被强调的成分。如果被强调的是“人”,可以用that连接,也可以用who。如果是其他成分,则一律用that来连接。使用这种句型时,有以下几点常易出错:

1. 强调主语时易在“主谓一致”上出现错误。被强调成分是主语时,who/that之后的谓语动词应该在人称和数上与句中的主语保持一致。例如:

It is I that/who am the owner of this house. 这所房子的主人是我。(被强调的是主语I,因此that/who后的谓语要用am。)

2.强调状语时易“误用when,where或why”。使用“It is/was … that …”强调句型时,即使被强调成分是句子中的时间状语,地点状语或原因状语等,也不能用when,where或why,而是要用that。解答这类题时,一定要注意把它与“定语从句、it is … since、it有具体含义”的句型区别开来。例如:

It was at eleven oclock that I arrived here. 我是11点钟到达这儿的。(不能说It was at eleven oclock when I arrived here.)

(比较It was at eleven oclock that I arrived here.与It was eleven oclock when I arrived here.的差异:前句中,at eleven oclock是状语,属It was…that句型中的强调成分;后句中,eleven oclock是表语,it是代词,表示时间,句意是:我到达这儿时,时间是11点。)

3.易出现“混用代词主格、宾格”错误。被强调成分作主语的代词要用主格,作宾语的代词则要用宾格。比较例句:

①It is she who/that often helps me with my English. 是她经常帮助我学英语。(强调的是主格“她”,因此要用she。)

②It is her that I often help with her English. 我经常帮助她学英语。(强调的是宾格“她”,因此要用her。)

4.易出现“混用who与that”的错误。在It was…that句型中,被强调的是“人”时,可以用that连接,也可以用who连接。但是,如果被强调部分既有“人”又有“物”时,则只能用that而不能用who连接。例如:

①lt was the things and people they remembered that they were talking about.他们谈及的是他们所记得的人和事。

②It is Tom and his lovely dog that are the leading roles in this story. 这个故事的主人公是汤姆和他的爱犬。

5.强调“not...until”时易出错。用“It is/was… that”强调not until时,由于否定已经前移,that后只能用肯定形式。例如:

It was not until yesterday evening that he changed his mind. 他直到昨天晚上才改变主意。(常规句式是:He didnt change his mind until yesterday evening.)

(二)“助动词do/does/did+原形动词”表达法

解答由“do/does/did+原形动词”构成的强调句时,要特别注意do, does和did在不同人称、数和时态中的对应表示法。

【试题】1. It was 80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic Zheng sailed to East Africa. (2012年重庆卷)

A. whenB. that

C. afterD. since

2. Was it on a lonely island he was saved one month after the boat went down? (2011年四川卷)

A. whereB. that

C. whichD. what

3. If you have a job, yourself to it and finally youll succeed.

A. do devoteB. dont devote

C. devotingD. not devoting

【解析】第1和2题均属考查“It is/was … that”的强调表达法。第3题考查“助动词do+原形动词devote”的强调表达法。句意为:如果你有了一份工作,一定要努力去做, 最后你定能成功。故答案分别是:1.B2.B3.A

三、反意疑问句

反意疑问句的基本原则就是要与主句的主谓保持一致。陈述部分为肯定,疑问尾句为否定;陈述部分为否定,疑问尾句则为肯定。特别值得注意的用法还有以下四点:

1.当陈述句中有never, seldom, hardly, few, little, nobody, nothing, no one, none, neither, no, nowhere等否定意义的单词时,尽管其谓语是肯定式,后面疑问尾句的谓语也要用肯定式。

2.陈述句中must表示“推测”时,疑问尾句的时态变化规则是:

①陈述句的谓语是“must be”或“must be doing”时,疑问尾句的谓语应用一般现在时isnt或arent。例如:

He must be from the southern part of England, isnt he? 他一定是来自英国南部,是吧?

②陈述句的谓语是“must+现在完成式”,句中有表示过去的时间状语,疑问尾句的谓语用一般过去时。例如:

She must have heard the good news just now, didnt she? 想必她刚才听到了那个好消息,是吗?(陈述句中有一般过去时的时间状语just now)

③陈述句的谓语是“must+现在完成式”表示“推测”时,句中没有表示过去的时间状语时,疑问尾句的谓语则用现在完成时。例如:

You must have studied English for many years, havent you? 你一定学了多年英语,不是吗?

3.祈使句的反意疑问句通常用will you。

4.陈述部分是主从复合句时, 其疑问尾句的构成常以主句为变化依据。但是,当主句的主语是第一人称I或we,动词是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine或be sure时,疑问尾句仅有肯定或否定是与主句相对应, 而主语和时态都要根据宾语从句而确定。

【试题】1. I told them not everybody could run as fast as you did, ?

A. could heB. didnt I

C. didnt youD. could they

2. It doesnt matter if they want to come to your party, ?

A. doesnt itB. does it

C. dont theyD. do they

3. He must be helping the old man to water the flowers, ?

A. is heB. isnt he

C. must heD. mustnt he

4. You and I could hardly work together, ?

A. could youB. couldnt I

C. couldnt weD. could we

5. When youve finished with that book, dont forget to put it back on the shelf, ?

A. do youB. dont you

C. will youD. wont you

6. Im sure youd rather she went to school by bus, ?

A. hadnt youB. wouldnt you

C. arent ID. didnt she

【解析】第1题陈述部分I told them为肯定,故疑问尾句要用否定,故选B。

第2题主句是It doesnt matter,疑问尾句的主语要用it,谓语要用肯定式does,故选B。

第3题的陈述部分是He must be helping,疑问尾句的谓语要用否定式,且要用一般现在时,因此应选填isnt,故选B。

第4题陈述部分的主语是You and I,含“我们”的概念,谓语中又有否定副词hardly,因此应填could we构成疑问尾句,故选D。

第5题的陈述部分是祈使句dont forget,因此疑问尾句要用will you,故选C。

第6题主句是Im sure,疑问尾句的主谓要依宾语从句youd rather来确定,因此应选填wouldnt you。故选B。

四、省略与替代

由于省略时就可能要使用替代词,而使用替代词时往往就会出现省略,因此“省略”与“替代”几乎是如影随形。省略主要包括:主语的省略、谓语或谓语一部分的省略、宾语的省略、不定式的省略、宾语从句和状语从句中的省略、虚拟条件句中if的省略。替代主要包括“用do/does/did替代动词”和“用so和not分别代替肯定和否定的从句”。

【试题】1. It sounds like something is wrong with the cars engine. , wed better take it to the garage immediately.

A. OtherwiseB. If not

C. But for thatD. If so

2. a strange plant! Ive never seen it before.

A. WhichB. What

C. HowD. Whether

3. Every evening after dinner, if not from work, I will spend some time walking my dog.

A. being tiredB. tiring

C. tiredD. to be tired

4. ―Whats the matter with Della?

―Well, her parents wouldnt allow her to go to the party, but she still .

A. hopes toB. hopes so

C. hopes notD. hopes for

5. ―Who should be responsible for the accident?

―The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order .

A. as toldB. as are told

C. as tellingD. as they told

6. Their living conditions , they work much harder than before.

A. have been greatly improved

B. greatly improved

C. had been greatly improved

D. greatly improving

【解析】第1题前句的意思是“听起来车的发动机好像有问题”,后句的意思是“我们最好立刻把它弄到汽修厂去”,两句之间缺少的是“如果那样的话”,因此要用既表示省略也表示替代的短语if so,故选D。

第2题考查what引导感叹句时的省略表示法,What a strange plant后省略了it is,故选B。

第3题if not tired from work中省略了主谓语I am,故可知选C。

第4题考查不定式的省略表示法。在不定式作简略回答时, 常常将不定式to之后的内容省略。本句中,hope to后省略的是go to the party,故选A。

第5题考查as引导方式状语从句时的省略。they与tell之间是被动关系,因此as后要用过去分词told,即as told=as they were told。

第6题考查独立主格结构。their living conditions greatly improved为独立主格结构,是原因状语从句As their living conditions have greatly been improved的省略表示法,故选B。

五、it和there句式

由it开头的句型主要有It is well known/no wonder that…, It seems/appears that…和It is said/reported that…(有时相当于“Somebody/Something is said +不定式短语”);由there开头的句型主要有there be和there seems/appears/happens to be…句型。

【试题】1. It is that human beings are naturally equipped to speak.

A. saidB. to say

C. sayingD. being said

2. AIDS is said the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.

A. that it is

B. to be

C. that it has been

D. to have been

3. He hasnt slept at all for three days. that he is tired out.

A. There is no point

B. There is no need

C. It is no wonder

D. It is no way

4. appeared that those people often took their work troubles home with them.

A. ThisB. That

C. ItD. What

5. We believe from now on will certainly be more exchanges between our two countries.

A. thereB. it

C. thatD. which

【解析】第1题中,“It is said+ that从句”属特定句型,表示“据说……”,故选A。

第2题是“Something is said +不定式短语”句型,to have been属不定式的完成式,故选D。

第3题是“It is no wonder that…”句型,表示“怪不得……”,故选C。

第4题是“It appears that …”句型。句意是:看来那些人常常将工作中的烦恼带回家。故选C。

第5题是“there be” 句型。句意是:我们相信,从现在起我们两国之间将一定会有更多的交往。故选A。

巩固提高

1. entirely, Greenlands ice sheet would drive up ocean levels by some seven meters, drowning coastal cities around the world.

A. It were to melt

B. if were to melt

C. Were if it to melt

D. Were it to melt

2. If you want help ― money or anything, let me know, you?

A. dontB. will

C. shallD. do

3. No sooner itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to work in the fields.

A. the sun had shown

B. had the sun shown

C. had shown the sun

D. shown had the sun

4. Only when we realize the importance of helping each other to building a harmonious society.

A. can we be devoted

B. we can be devoted

C. can be we devoted

D. be devoted can we

5. Scarcely the door when a heavy knock sounded at it.

A. she closed

B. closed she

C. she had closed

D. had she closed

6. Not until we are parents ourselves what our parents did for us and what their lives were like.

A. we realize

B. do we realize

C. we will realize

D. are we realized

7. In my opinion, life in the twenty\|first century is much easier than .

A. that used to be

B. it is used to

C. it was used to

D. it used to be

8. It is well known even the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals.

A. whichB. when

C. thatD. what

9. Up into the sky .

A. went the light blue smoke

B. the light blue went

C. go the light blue smoke

D. does the light blue smoke go

10. Since there happeneda drought in the area, the water level in the pond was becoming lower and lower.

A. havingB. to have

C. beingD. to be

11. The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once with each other.

A. they had quarreled

B. they have quarreled

C. have they quarreled

D. had they quarreled

12. Nowhere else in the world wild giant pandas except in China.

A. you will find

B. can you be able to find

C. you may have found

D. can you find

13. We waited and waited. we had been looking forward to.

A. Then came the hour

B. Then did the hour come

C. The then hour came

D. The hour then came

14. Hearing “Earthquake!”, out.

A. they rushed

B. rushed they

C. rushing they

D. did they rush

15. ―Why didnt you buy it?

―, nor did the color agree with me.

A. Because the price was high

B. Not only did it fit me

C. For I disliked its material

D. Neither was the price reasonable

16. It seems in our busy lives nowadays many of us have forgotten how to appreciate others.

A. thatB. what

C. whenD. why

17. Only by this means .

A. we can hope to succeed

B. can we hope to succeed

C. can we hope to success

D. we can hope to success

18. You should try to get a good nights sleep you have to do.

A. however work too much

B. however much work

C. too much work however

D. much work however

19. So little about philosophy that the lecture was completely beyond me.

A. I knowB. knew I

C. did I knowD. do I know

20. It is these poisonous products can cause the symptoms of the flu, such as headache and aching muscles.

A. thatB. who

C. howD. what

答案与解析

1. D。were it to melt是省略if的倒装句式,故选D。

2. B。本题考查反意疑问句。let me know是祈使句,疑问尾句要用will you。

3. B。no sooner位于句首时,谓语要用“had+主语+过去分词”的倒装语序,than后用陈述语序。

4. A。only修饰when从句位于句首时,主句要用倒装语序。

5. D。scarcely位于句首时,谓语要用“had+主语+过去分词”的倒装语序,when后用陈述语序。

6. B。not until从句位于句首时,主句要用倒装语序,故选B。

7. D。本题考查省略表示法。表示“过去常常……”用used to…,本题中原形动词be不能省略。

8. C。本句是“it is well known that …”句型。句意是:众所周知,即使同样的休闲活动,不同的人可能采用的方式也不相同。

9. A。up into the sky位于句首,且主语是名词the light blue smoke,因此要用倒装语序went the light blue smoke。

10. D。本题考查“there happens +to be”句型。句意是:因为这个地区碰巧遇到干旱,池塘里的水越来越少。

11. C。never是表示否定意义的副词,位于句首时,句子要用倒装语序。

12. D。nowhere是表示否定意义的副词,位于句首时,句子要用倒装语序。

13. A。then位于句首,且主语是名词the hour,因此要用倒装语序Then came the hour。

14. A。本句是rush out中的副词out开头,但主语是人称代词,故主谓不用倒装语序。

15. D。neither和nor各引导一个句子时,这两个句子都要用倒装语序。句意是:不但价格不合理,颜色也不适合我。

16. A。本句属It seems that…句型,故选A。

17. B。only修饰介词短语,且位于句首时,句子要用倒装语序。

18. B。however后有名词时,要用“however+形容词+(冠词)+名词”的语序。