中考词汇题专项大突破
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随着教改的不断深入和中考命题的不断创新，各地中考在词汇题中不但考查了考生的词汇拼写能力，而且考查了考生运用所学词汇进行语言交际的能力。它涉及词汇、时态、语态及惯用法等方面的知识，是对考生记忆、理解、分析、综合应用等各项能力的全面检测。为帮助同学们备战中考，现对词汇部分相关考点及解题思路作精讲，并精心命题供同学们考前热身。
一、主要题型
（一）根据句意和首字母提示写出单词。
（2012年日照卷）I want to see English movies to improve my English， but they speak too q for me to catch their meaning.
（二）根据句意和汉语提示，在空白处填入适当的单词。
（2012年常州卷）You need to put on more clothes because the temperature will drop to five degrees （在……以下）zero.
（三）根据句子意思，用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。
（2012年泰州卷）―Look！ e is shouting at his mother.
―Why is he so （polite）？
以上这三种题型中，第一种和第二种是各地中考中最常见，也是难度相对较大的两种题型。要快速而准确地破解以上试题首先要了解常见考点。
二、常见考点
纵观近年各地试题可以发现中考词汇题常见的考点可归纳为：
（一）名词――主要考查名词的可数与不可数、单数与复数、所有格、固定搭配、拼写较长的单词、首字母的大小写等内容。
（二）动词――主要考查动词的时态、语态及人称和数的变化；非谓语动词主要考查现在分词、过去分词及不定式。特别要注意的是中文中的一个词在英语中却有多个词与之对应时，要结合语境选用恰当的动词。
（三）形容词和副词――考查两种词性的区别、转换规则；形容词、副词同体（如：fast， early）；形容词、副词的原形、比较级和最高级的用法以及具有同一含义的两种形容词的区别（如alone和lonely）等。
（四）数词――考查基数词和序数词的区别、固定搭配、习惯用语，易拼错的数词等。
（五）介词――考查与介词有关的固定搭配，以及一些易混介词的区别等。
了解考点分布规律之后，同学们解题型三时就有据可依。要解好另外两种题型中最难的第一种题型，同学们还需要掌握科学的解题思路。
三、解题思路
笔者在教学实践中根据题型一的特点总结出“四定解题法”，有助于同学们形成科学的解题思路。
根据句意和首字母提示写出单词。
1. ow long can I k the library book？
2.In Changsha its very hot in summer and very c in winter.
3.I went to the hospital this morning and Doctor Smith gave me some m.
4.We all know fortyfive minutes is three q.
.he Yellow River is the second l one in China.
第一步，定义：通读全句来掌握其大意，并借助于首字母来确定所填词汇的含义。
【简析】1. 在图书馆借书，常问书能借多长时间，因此，结合首字母“k”，该句可定义为：图书馆的书我能借多久？
2.长沙的夏天很炎热，因此，结合首字母“c”，该句可定义为：长沙的夏天很热而冬天非常冷。
3.去医院看病，医生常会开药治病，因此结合首字母“m”，该句可定义为：今天上午我去医院看病，史密斯医生给我开了一些药。
4.这是一道常识题，结合首字母“q”，该句可定义为：众所周知，四十五分钟就是三刻钟。
.黄河是中华民族的母亲河，也是中国第二条最长的河流。结合首字母“l”，该句可定义为：黄河是中国第二长河。
第二步，定性：根据空格在全句所处的位置，特别是依据空格前后的单词，分析句子成分，来确定所填词的词性。
1.动词作谓语。题例1中句子缺少谓语，应填动词。
2.形容词作表语或定语。题例2中，形容词作表语，题例中，形容词作定语。
3.名词可作主语、宾语或表语。题例3中，名词作宾语，题例4中，名词作表语。
第三步，定形：在确定好所填词的词义、词性的基础上，来确定所填词汇的适当形式。
1.如要填的词是动词，则应注意其时态、语态及主谓一致等。特别应注意的是当汉语中的一个词有多个英语单词和其相对应时，应根据题目要求来确定应选词汇。如题例1中，“借”在英语中有“borrow， lend和keep”，但根据题意，可知how long是对“一段时间状语”提问，所以只能选用延续性动词keep。
2.形容词、副词应注意原级、比较级和最高级的使用。如题例2中very后应接形容词cold的原级；题例中，应用形容词long的最高级。
3.名词应注意其所有格及单、复数。其中名词的单、复数可通过以下方法来判断：
①看修饰语。 ②看主谓一致。 ③可数名词若无单数修饰语一律用复数。 ④看其他暗示。如：题例3，medicine是不可数名词；题例4中，quarter前有复数修饰语three，应填复数形式quarters。
第四步，定案：在确定好所填词汇的词义、词性和词形后最终确定试题的答案。
要正确地拼写单词应注意下列几点：
1.注意单词的大小写。学科、月份、国籍及一些专有名词应大写。首字母要大写，在抄写答案时不能改为小写。
2.注意单词最末字母是否要双写。如：stop的过去式是stopped。
3.注意拼写复杂的单词，不能与其他词混淆。如：tired和tried； quiet和quite。
经过上述四步，每题答案已基本确定，如时间允许，同学们可以把答案代入到题目中作进一步检查，看看全句前后是否符合逻辑，意思是否通顺连贯；即使时间很紧，也应检查一下单词的拼写是否符合规范，答案与对应的题号是否一致等。
另外，题型二的解题方法可参照上述方法的第二、三、四步。
四、复习指南
首先，从考纲所提供的“四会”词汇中将动词、名词、形容词、副词、数词和介词挑选出来。从而缩小所需复习词汇的范围，来提高复习的效率。
其次，将这些词汇再进行分类。即名词可按题材内容归类：如时间（季节、月份、星期名称），自然界（江、河、湖、洋）等。这样进行交叉复习，可以避免机械、无效的记忆。
接着从词的音、形、义以及词的搭配和组合、词的活用和辨析、语言技能等诸多方面，来掌握这些词的典型用法，熟记它们的例句。特别是要加强对于那些常用、易拼错、字母较多或容易遗忘的单词的记忆。
最后，在考前进行适当的专项训练，以形成解题能力，也是一种行之有效的应试举措。
总之，绝大多数的中考词汇题都体现了对单词考查的语境化，具有容量大、知识覆盖面广等特点。要做好该题型，考生既要具备扎实的单词拼写能力，又要有适当的应试策略和解题方法，这样在考试中才能立于不败之地。
五、迎考专练
（一）根据句子意思，用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。
1. ―Why is the boy so （patient）？
―Because he has waited for his friend for a long time.
2. Simon is （good） at English than anyone else in his class.
3. ―Why do you think that the young man is strange？
―Because he hates to be like others， and does everything （difference）.
4. “Once you made a （decide）， youd better not change it easily，” the mother said to her son.
. I have never read such a good book before. I believe it is worth （read） twice.
6. ―Zhang Yimou is one of the greatest （direct） in our country.
―hats right. e is almost famous to everyone in China.
7. What a （surprise） ending. Youll find the murderer is a policeman at the end of the film.
8. As we all know Prime Zhou Enlai devoted all his lifetime to （work） for Chinese people.
9. Its reported that the victim was killed by a gun and bled to （die） in the end.
10. When autumn comes， the （leaf） on this kind of trees always turn red.
11. ― （teacher） Day is coming soon， and Im going to make a card to send my best wishes to our English teacher.
―hats a good idea.
12. he English teacher often encourages her students （do） more reading and writing.
13. When learning a foreign language， its important to make a good （begin）.
14. ―Whats the （high） of this mountain？
―Its about 6818 metres.
1. Many old people in Jiangsu Province always go to live in Sanya because of the （health） climate.
（二）根据句意及汉语提示，拼写单词，使句子完整、正确。
1.―I am not sure which tie to wear for the party.
―God！ I have no idea， （也） .
2.It is reported that （千） of people in that province are suffering from the 1N1 flu.
3.―Which is （远） from Shanxi， Guangzhou or Beijing？
―Guangzhou.
4. Im sorry that I cant （借） my bike to you. Its broken.
.Its wellknown that papermaking is one of the greatest （发明） of ancient China.
6.―Why dont you take the bike， enry？
―Its too expensive. I cant （买得起） it.
7.Yang Fen （花费） every Saturday afternoon volunteering in an old peoples home.
8.―Whats your cousin busy doing now？
―Oh， he is （订购） a digital camera online.
9.―ow beautiful your hometown is！
―Yes， a number of trees are （栽） around Yancheng every year. Our environment is getting better and better.
10.Look at the sky！ he kites are flying so （高） that they look like small birds.
11.―Its easy to get （迷路的） in a big city like Shanghai.
―hats right. So youd better take a map with you when you go there.
12.Dont give up！ I am sure your hard work can bring you （成功）.
13.―What a beautiful watch！ Is it a new one？
―No， I have （买） it for 2 years.
14.Im waiting for my best friend. If he （返回） this afternoon， Ill go swimming with him.
1.As we all know nothing can live （没有） water or air.
（三）根据句意及首字母提示，补全单词，使句子完整、正确。
1.―I think that animals should live in zoos.
―I d with you. heyd better live in the natural forests.
2. As we all know J is the seventh month of a year.
3.―Its our duty to protect the e.
―hats right. We need a clean and beautiful world.
4.Please change a skirt for me. I dont like red. In fact， I like all colours e this.
.Its reported that a young man （抢） an old man of lots of money on a busy street yesterday.
6.he air in that small village is very clean. So you can see a r after a heavy rain in summer there.
7.―Why are you so s this morning？
―Because I watched V until 11 oclock last night and got up very early this morning.
8.Many students of my age feel stressed， and I think that one major c of stress is homework.
9.―aking a walk in the evening is a good h.
―So it is. It keeps us healthy.
10.Normally， water boils at a t of 100℃.
11.―Do you know that Simon won the 100metrerace in the school sports meeting？
―Yes. And he broke the school r at the same time.
12.―Why do you take an u with you， Simon？
―Because the radio says its going to rain this afternoon.
13. “When you meet a new word， you can look it up in a d，” the teacher said to the students.
14. ―Why did you shout at the top of your v to your grandfather？
―Because there is something wrong with his ears.
1. “Would you mind c the door？ Its cold outside，” the old man said to the girl.
（四）请根据句意和括号中的英文释义，写出句中所缺单词，使句子通顺。
1. ―he air （the state of being dirty） in our city is serious.
―hats right. Something must be done to stop it.
2.he climbers tried to find a new （a way to go from one place to another） to the top of the mountain， but they failed in the end.
3.he brave young man rushed into the fire and （kept someone safe from danger） the little girl.
4.―elp yourself to some （delicious； nice） fish.
―Yes， thanks.
. Our English teacher always （supports） us to speak more English in his class.
6. Luckily， the old man （continued to live） after the earthquake.
7. I dont think its necessary for the parents to （give something to someone） everything for their children.
8. ―Why did the girl （shout loudly）？
―Because she saw a snake just now.
9.When the people there （got to know and understand something） the sandstorm was a very serious problem， they took action to plant many trees at once.
10. ―Are you a basketball （people who likes somebody or something very much）？
―Yes. And Yao Ming is my hero.
11. Its reported that the scientist has （grown and improved） a kind of flower that can grow in water.
12.―What does your father do in his （free） time？
―e often does some reading.
13.“Show me your （a piece of paper that shows you are allowed to do something）， please，” the police said to the driver politely.
14. ―Whats the best quality of an （very good） football player？
―eam spirit， I think.
1. I hear that there is a （a cut in price） on last years shoes in that supermarket.
[K]参考答案
（一）1. impatient2. better3. differently4. decision. reading6. directors7. surprising8. working9. death10. leaves11. eachers12. to do13. beginning14. height1. healthy
（二）1. either2. thousands3. farther4. lend. inventions6. afford7. spends8. ordering9. planted10. high11. lost12. success13. kept14. returns1. without
（三）1. disagree2. July3. environment4. except. robbed6. rainbow7. sleepy[JP3]8. cause9. habit10. temperature11. record12. umbrella13. dictionary14. voice1. closing
（四）1. pollution2. route3. saved4. tasty. encourages6. survived7. provide8. scream9. realized10. fan11. developed12. spare13. license14. excellent1. discount
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