论文实例：中国北方沉积盆地构造热演化史恢复及其对比研究
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作者简介：任战利，男，1961年07月出生，1994年09月师从于西北大学赵重远教授，于1999年07月获博士学位。
摘要中国北方是不同板块或块体的拼合体，发育其上的不同盆地叠置在不同构造单元之上，具有不同的构造样式及地质发展演化历史。中生代以来受到了多期构造运动的改造和破坏。早、晚时期盆地的相互叠置，使其热演化历史呈现十分复杂的局面。恢复各盆地的热演化史不仅可以为盆地油气资源的勘探开发提供科学依据，直接为生产服务，而且可为陆内或板内大陆动力学和盆地动力学研究提供依据。本文以“活动论”及地质发展的“阶段论”思想为指导，将区域地质背景与盆地演化史相结合，应用多种古地温研究方法综合分析对比，分别对中国北方各盆地热演化史进行了恢复，对不同时期不同区块北方各盆地的古地温梯度进行了分析对比，并对不同盆地热演化史与油气关系进行了系统的研究，指出了油气勘探的有利区及进一步勘探的领域。
中国北方东北地区的松辽盆地、二连盆地，都为典型的裂谷盆地，具有相似的构造发展史。松辽盆地现今地温梯度为3.70℃/100m，平均大地热流值为68.65mW/m2，现今地温场具有中部高，边部低，呈环状分布的特点。多种地温研究方法表明松辽盆地古地温高于今地温，晚白垩世古地温梯度为5.00—6.00℃/100m，远高于现今地温梯度。
二连盆地热演化史研究十分薄弱，现今地温梯度在3.00～4.30℃/100m之间，其平均值为3.50℃/100m，估算的大地热流值在56.21～81.59mW/m2之间，平均为69mW/m2。二连盆地凹陷众多，分隔性强，各凹陷现今地温梯度及生油门限明显不同，生油门限受古地温控制。早白垩世地温梯度在3.50—5.50℃/100m之间，平均值约为4.66℃/100m，中侏罗世古地温梯度更高。
华北地区鄂尔多斯、沁水、渤海湾盆地位于华北克拉通之上，古生代华北盆地沉积、构造稳定，地温梯度较低。中生代晚期华北盆地经历了一次强烈的构造运动，这次构造运动使华北东部地区隆起，西部地区坳陷。东部隆起区为降温过程，西部坳陷区为增温过程。中生代晚期鄂尔多斯盆地古地温梯度在3.30—4.80℃/100m之间，主要集中在4.00℃/100m左右；沁水盆地古地温梯度为5.56/℃100m；华北东部隆起区古地温梯度约为5.25℃/100m。新生代以来鄂尔多斯、沁水盆地整体抬升，发生降温冷却，而渤海湾盆地拉张断陷形成裂谷盆地，地层温度逐步增高。现今鄂尔多斯盆地、沁水盆地地温梯度分别在2.20—3.10℃/100m和2.60—3.00℃/100m之间，大地热流值分别为63.40mW/m2和61mW/m2。渤海湾盆地地温梯度和大地热流值分别为3.58℃/100m和61.53mW/m2。
河西走廊地区的酒泉盆地群是两期不同性质，不同世代盆地叠加而成。晚侏罗世一早白垩世为拉张盆地，第三纪以来为挤压坳陷盆地。酒东盆地、花海盆地、酒西盆地现今地温梯度及大地热流值都较低，地温梯度在2.51—3.00℃/100m之间，大地热流值在50—57mW/m2之间。中生代晚期花海盆地、酒西盆地、酒东盆地古地温梯度高于现今地温梯度，可达3.75—4.50℃/100m。花海盆地古地温高于今地温，烃源岩热演化程度受古地温控制，酒西、酒东盆地热演化程度主要受现今地温控制。
吐哈盆地为新疆境内三大沉积盆地之一，现今地温梯度为2.50℃/100m，大地热流值约为44.48mW/m2，地温梯度分布总体上具有东高西低的特点。古地温恢复表明吐哈盆地晚侏罗世—早白垩世地温梯度较高，可达2.31～3.61℃/100m，平均值约为3.00℃/100m；早中侏罗世地温梯度较低，小于3.00℃/100m。吐哈盆地哈密坳陷、台北凹陷、托克逊凹陷构造热演化史差异较大。哈密坳陷、托克逊凹陷部分地区古地温高于今地温，主生油期较早；台北凹陷晚侏罗世以来虽然有过短暂抬升剥蚀时期，但总体而言，一直处于持续埋藏增温过程，有利于油气生成和保存，现今主力烃源岩八道湾组、西山窑组仍处于成油高峰期，是最为有利的勘探区。吐哈盆地油气具多期成藏的特点，可明显的分为三期，分别为晚侏罗世—早白垩世、晚白垩世及渐新世一中新世。
中国北方古生代华北盆地、塔里木盆地位于稳定的克拉通之上，克拉通面积大，沉积构造稳定，沉积层厚度薄，具有低的地温梯度及低的古地温。吐哈盆地、准噶尔盆地位于哈萨克斯坦板块之上，经历了拉张—裂陷作用，构造活动性强，地温梯度高于塔里木盆地及华北盆地。
中生代晚期中国北方受周围板块相互作用的影响，活动强烈。根据其活动性可明显的分为四个区块：东北区二连、松辽盆地，岩浆活动性强，地壳发生裂陷作用，形成侏罗纪、白垩纪断陷盆地，地温梯度高；华北区鄂尔多斯、沁水盆地及渤海湾地区中生代晚期地温梯度明显升高，东部的渤海湾地区发生隆升，为冷却过程。西部的沁水盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地发生坳陷，地温增高；阿尔金断裂以东的阿拉善及河西走廊地区的酒泉盆地群、银根盆地侏罗纪到早白垩世地壳发生伸展作用，形成一系列的断陷盆地。盆地构造样式与东北地区的二连盆地相似，但火山活动较弱，其地温梯度也较高；阿尔金断裂以西的吐哈盆地、塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地中生代为挤压坳陷型盆地，地温梯度总体上较低。吐哈盆地活动性较塔里木、准噶尔盆地强，地温梯度稍高于塔里木，准噶尔两盆地。
中生代晚期阿尔金断裂以东构造活动性强，强烈的构造活动引发了岩浆活动及地壳深部热活动，这是一次强烈的构造热事件，具有区域规模。在不同构造区块由于边界断裂的限制及调节，构造样式及活动强度有所不同，在火成岩活动区形成明显的地温异常。这次构造热事件对阿尔金断裂以东各盆地油气的生成、运移及成藏起重要控制作用。
新生代以来华北东部渤海湾地区拉张断陷形成了渤海湾裂谷盆地，地温梯度及大地热流值都较高，沉积了巨厚的第三纪地层，属不断增温过程；华北西部鄂尔多斯、沁水盆地抬升隆起，遭受剥蚀，地温梯度减小，属降温过程。华北东部区二连、松辽盆地仍为地壳减薄区，地温梯度仍较高，分别为3.50℃/100m和3.70℃/100m。中国北方西部由于印度板块的持续北移，地壳进一步缩短和增厚，吐哈、塔里木、准噶尔盆地及酒泉盆地群地温梯度及大地热流值均较低。
中国北方主要盆地热历史类型复杂多样，可分为冷却型、交替变化型、热事件型等多种类型。盆地热历史类型受其地球动力学背景及构造演化控制。不同构造热演化史的盆地，其烃源岩热演化程度、生油门限、油气主生烃期明显不同。高温型盆地生油门限浅，有利于油气的快速转化，低温型盆地生油门限深，有效勘探深度段及勘探深度加大。
根据盆地构造热演化史、烃源岩发育及保存状况综合分析，认为松辽盆地、渤海湾盆地、鄂尔多斯、吐哈盆地是有利的勘探区，值得详细勘探。渤海湾盆地石炭、二叠系，沁水盆地石炭、二叠系，吐哈盆地台北凹陷深层二叠系及三叠系、酒东盆地的下白垩统是进一步勘探的领域。
关键词:中国北方沉积盆地盆地热演化史大地热流古地温梯度构造热事件
主生烃期热历史类型
COMPARATIVERESEARCHONTECTONICALTHERMALHISTORYOFSEDIMENTARYBASIINTHENORTHCHINA
ATRACT
ThenorthernpartofChinaisamatchingbodyofdifferentplatesandterrai.ThesedimentarybasiinthenorthChinasuperimposeonthedifferentstructuralunitsandhavedifferentstructuralformsanddifferentstructuralevolutionhistory.SinceMesozoicthebasihavebeenreformedanddestroyedbymanystructuralmovements.Thispaper,directedby“movementtheory”and“stagetheory”ofgeologyevo lution,synthesizingregionalgeologysurroundingandbasinevolutionhistory,usingmanypaleogeothermalresearchmethods,resumesthermalhistoryofthebasiinthenorthChina,analyzesandcomparesthedifferentstagesanddifferentunitsthermalgradientsofbasiinthenorthChina,makesasystematicstudyoftherelatiohipbetweenthermalhistoryandoilandgasofdifferentbasiandascertaifavorableunitsandfurtherexplorationfieldofoilandgasexploration.
SongliaobasinandErlianbasin,locatedinnortheastofthenorthChina,allofwhicharetypicalriftbasin,havesimilarstructuralevolutionhistory.ThepresentgeothermalgradientofSongliaobasinis3.70℃/100m,meanheatflowvalueis68.65mW/m2.ThepresentgeothermalfieldofSongliaobasinishighincentre,lowinborderandhascharacteristicofringshapedistribution.ResearchinvariousmethodsindicatesthatpaleotemperatureofSongliaobasinishigherthanpresent,paleogeothermalgradientinlaterCretaceousis5.00-6.00℃/100m,whichisfarmorethanpresentgeothermalgradient.
ThestudyonthermalhistoryofErlianbasinisverylittle.ThepresentgeothemalgradientofErlianbasinis3.10-4.22℃/100m,themeanvalueofwhichis3.50℃/100m,theestimatedheatflowvalueis56.21-81.59mW/m2,themeanvalueis69mW/m2.Erlianbasinhasmanydepreioandeverydepreionisdifferentindeposition.Presentgeothermalgradientandthethresholdofoilgenerationisdistinctlydifferentineverydepreionandthethresholdofoilgenerationiscontrolledbypaleotemperature.InCretaceousthethermalgradientis3.50-5.50℃/100m,meanofwhichis4.66℃/100m.ThethermalgradientofMiddleJuraicishigher.
Ordos,QihuiandBohaiwanbasiinNorthChinaarealllocatedinNorthChinacraton.DepositionandstructureofNorthChinabasinisstableandthethermalgradientislowinPaleozoic.InlaterMesozoicNorthChinabasinunderwentaseverestructuralmovement,whichmaketheeastofNorthChinabasinriseandthewestofitsuide.Thetemperatureintheeastisonthedecreaseandthewestisontheincrease.InlaterMesozoicthegeothermalgradientofOrdosbasinis3.30-4.80℃/100m,mainvalueofwhichis4.00℃/100m.ThegeothermalgradientofQihuibasinis5.56℃/100m.IntheeasternupliftedareaofNorthChinageothermalgradientis5.25℃/100m.SinceCenozoicOrdosandQihuibasiniswhollyrisingandonthedecreaseoftemperature,butBohaiwanbasinstretchedandfaultsuidedandbecameariftbasinandthepaleotemperaturegraduallyincrease.ThepresentgeothermalgradientsofOrdosandQihuibasinare2.20-3.10℃/100mand2.60-3.00℃/100m.Theheatflowvaluesare63.4mW/m2and61mW/m2separately.ThegeothermalgradientandheatflowvalueofBohaiwanbasinare3.58℃/100mand61.53mW/m2.
JiuquanbasingrouintheHexicorridorisformedbythestackingoftwostagedifferentpropertyanddifferentgenerationbasi.ItwasriftbasifromlaterJuraictoearlyCretaceousandsqueezedsagbasinsinceCenozoic.ThepresentgeothermalgradientandheatflowofJiudong,HuahaiandJiuxibasiareallverylow,ofwhichthepresentgeothermalgradientsare2.51-3.00℃/100mandtheheatflowvaluesare50-57mW/m2.InlaterMesozoic,thepaleothermalgradientsofHuahai,JiuxiandJiudongbasin,whichare3.75-4.50℃/100m,areallhigherthanpresentthermalgradients.InHuahaibasinpaleotemperatureishigherthanpresentandthematurityofsourcerockiscontrolledbypaleotemperature.InJiuxiandJuidongbasinthematurityofsourcerockismainlycontrolledbypresenttemperature.
TulufanHamibasinisoneofthethreebigbasiinXinjangautonomousregionThepresentgeothermalgradientofitis2.50℃/100mandtheheatflowvalueis44.48mW/m2.Thegeothermalgradientofitishighineastandlowinwest.TheresumedpaleotemperatureindicatesthatthegeothermalgradientofTulufanHamibasinfromlaterJuraictoearlyCretaceousis2.31-3.61℃/100m,themeanofwhichis3.00℃/100m,inearlyandmiddleJuraicthegeothermalgradientislowerthan3.00℃/100m.ThestructuralandthermalevolutionoftheHamidepreion,TaibeidepreionandTuokexundepreiois verydifferent.InHamidepreionandpartsofTuokexundepreionthepaleotemperatureishigherthanthepresentandthestageofoilgenerationisearly.AlthoughfromlaterJuraicTaibeidepreionunderwentashorttimeriseanddenudationbutthetemperaturehavebeenrisingasawhole,whichisbeneficialtooilgenerationandpreservation.BadaowanformationandXisanyaoformation,thepresentmainsourcerocks,isatthehighstageofoilgeneration,Taibeidepreionisthemostfavorableexplorationarea.TheoilandgaspoolsinTuloufanHamibasinisformedinmanytimes,whichcanbedividedintothreestages:LaterJuraic-earlyCretaceous,LaterCretaceousandOligcene-Miocene.
NorthChinabasinandTalimubasininthenorthernpartofChinainPaleozoicarealllocatedinstablecraton,whoseareaisbigandinwhichthedepositionandstructureisstableandthesedimentarylayeristhin,whosegeothermalgradientandpaleotemperatureislow.TuloufanHamibasinandZhungeerbasinlocatedinHasakesitanplateunderwentexteionrift,theactivityofwhichissevereandthegeothermalgradientofwhichishigherthanTalimuandNorthChinabasi.
InlaterMesozoicthenorthernpartofChinaiseffectedbysurroundplateanditsactivityisintee.Accordingtoactivity,itcanbedividedintofourunits(1).InNortheastunitErlianandSongliaobasi,inwhichvolcanismissevereandcrustisrifted,formedaJuraicandCretaceousfaultedbasinandthegeothermalgradientishigh.(2)InNorthChinaunitOrdosbasin,Qihuibasin,Bohaiwanregion,inlaterMesozoicgeothermalgradientofwhichwasevidentlyrising.AteastBohaiwanregionwasupliftingandcooling.AtwestQihuiandOrdosbasinwasdepreingandthepaleotemperaturewasrising.(3)OntheeastofAerjinfaultintheAlashanandHexicorridorareatheJiuquanbaingrouandYingenbasinextendedfromJuraictoearlyCretaceousandformedmanyfaultedbasi.ThestructuralpatternofthefaultedbasiissimilartoErlianbasininnortheastchina,butvolcanicactivityisweakandgeothermalgradientishigh.(4)OnthewestofAerjinfaultTuloufanHami,Talimu,Zhungeerbasiarealldepreionbasi,thegeothermalgradientsinlower,TuloufanHamibasiactivityissevererthanTalimubasinandZhungeerbasin,thegeothermalgradientihigherthanthetwobasi.
InlaterMesozoic,OntheeastofAerjinfaultthestructuralactivityissevere.Theseverestructuralmovementresultsinvolcanismandplutonicthermalactivity,whichisasevereregionalstructuralthermaleventandhasregionscaleBecauseoftheconfinementandadjustmentbyboundaryfaults,structuralpatternandmovementactivityofdifferenttectonicterraiisdifferent.Itresultedingeothermalaormalityinvolcanicarea.Thestructural-thermaleventcontrolledthegeneration,migrationandplay-formingofoilandgasinthebasiontheeastofAerjinfault.
StretchingandfaultingonBohaiwanareaintheeastofNorthChinaformBohaiwanriftbasinsinceCenozoic,geothermalgradientandheatflowareallhighinbohaiwanbasin,theTertiaryformationisverythickandthetemperatureisontheincreaseinthebasin.Ordos,QihuibasiinthewestofNorthChinaupliftandwasdenuded,thegeothermalgradientsareloweringandthetemperatureisonthedecrease.Erlian,SongliaobasiintheeastofNorthChinaiscrustthiingarea,thegeothermalgradientishigher,thevaluesare3.50℃/100mand3.70℃/100mseparately.BecauseofthenorthwardmovementofIndiaplate,thecrustofthewestofthenorthChinaisfurthershorteningandthickening,thegeothermalgradientsandheatflowsofTuloufanHami,Talimu,ZhungeerbasiandJiuquanbasingrouarealllower.
ThetypesofthermalhistoryofthemainbasiinthenorthernpartofChinaisverycomplex,whichcanbedividedintocoolingtype,alternativechangetypeandthermaleventtypeetc.Thethermalhistorytypeofbasiniscontrolledbyitsdynamicbackgroundoftheearthandstructuralevolution.Thebasihavingdifferentstructureandthermalhistoryareverydifferentinthermalmaturationofsourcerock,thresholdofoilgenerationandmainstageofoilandgasgeneration.Inhightherm algradienttypeofbasi,thethresholdofoilgenerationisshallow,whichisadvantageoustoquickgenerationofoilandgas.Inlowthermalgradienttypeofbasi,thethresholdofoilgenerationisdeepandtheeffectiveexplorationdepthscopeandexplorationdepthareallincreased.
Accordingtothecompreheiveanalysisofbasinstructuralandthermalhistory,thematureevolutionofsourcerockandpreservativecondition,ItisthoughtthatSongliaobasin,Bohaiwanbasin,Ordosbasin,TuloufanHamibasinisthefavorableexplorationareaandisworthfordetailexploration.TheCarboniferousandPermianinBohaiwanbasinandQihuibasin,thedeeplayerofPermianandTriaicinTaibeidepreionofTuloufanHamibasinandthelowerCretaceousinJiudongbasinisthefurtherexplorationfields.