新目标英语八年级(上)重点词语讲解(Units1～3)
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1. how often, how soon, how long, how many, how much, how many times
请注意这些词语之间的区别:
1) how often 意为“多久(一次)”,用来询问某动作间隔多久进行一次,通常用来对一些表示频率的副词进行提问,如 always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never 等;也可以对表示“多久几次”之类的状语进行提问,如 twice a year(一年二次)｡例如:
―How often does Li Ming do his homework at home? 李明多久在家做一次作业?
―Five times a week. 一周五次｡
2) how soon 意为“过多久”,含将来意味｡通常用“in + 一段时间”应答 howsoon 引起的特殊疑问句｡例如:
―How soon can you be ready? 过多长时间你能准备好?
―In five minutes. 过五分钟｡
3) how long 意为“多久,多长时间”,用于对句中的时间段进行提问,询问某一动作或状态持续了多长时间｡例如:
―How long have you been here, David? 你来这儿多久了,大卫?
―About three months. 大约三个月｡
4) how many 意为“多少”,后跟复数名词,用来对句中的基数词提问｡例如:
How many rooms are there in your home? 你家有多少个房间?
How many floors are there in this building? 这幢楼有多少层?
5) how much 意为“多少”,后跟不可数名词,用来对句中不能以基数词来衡量多少的事物进行提问｡也可以用来询问价格或运算结果｡例如:
How much bread do you want to buy? 你要买多少面包?
How much is the computer? 这台电脑多少钱?
How much is two plus three? 2加3等于多少?
6) how many times 意为“多少次”,常用来对句中 once(一次), twice(两次), three times(三次)等状语进行提问｡例如:
―How many times did you go to Beijing? 你到北京去过多少次?
―Oh, several times. 噢,去过好几次了｡
2. sometimes, sometime, some times, some time
1) sometimes 是一个频度副词,意为“有时”,可置于句首､句中或句末｡例如:
We often go there by bus, but sometimes on foot. 我们经常乘公共汽车去那儿,但有时步行去｡
He is sometimes late for school. 他有时上学迟到｡
2) sometime 是一个副词,意为“在某个时候”､“日后”,指一个不确定的时间,常与过去时谓语动词或将来时谓语动词搭配,位于其所属的时间状语之前｡例如:
I saw her in the street sometime last month. 上个月的某个时候我在大街上看见过她｡
We shall have a school meeting sometime next week. 我们将于下周某个时候开校务会议｡
3) some times 意为“几次”､“几倍”｡其中 time 是可数名词,意为“次”､“回”｡例如:
I met him some times in the street last month. 上个月我在街上遇到过他几次｡
During their stay in China, they went to the Great Wall some times. 在中国逗留期间,他们到长城去过好几次｡
This factory is some times larger than that one. 这个工厂比那个工厂大几倍｡
4) some time 意为“一些时候”､“一段时间”,在句中与延续性动词连用｡例如:
I’ll stay here for some time. 我将在这儿呆一段时间｡
Last summer I went to Italy and worked there for some time. 去年夏天我去了意大利,在那里工作了一段时间｡
3. maybe, may be
maybe 是个副词,意为“也许”､“可能”,相当于 perhaps,在句中作状语｡例如:
Maybe the young man is our new English teacher. 也许那个年轻人是我们新来的英语老师｡
may be 意为“可能是､也许是”｡其中 may是情态动词,与be一起构成谓语｡例如:
She may be in the classroom now. 现在她也许在教室里｡
4. as, like
这两个词都可作“像(和)……一样”解｡但应注意二者之间的差异｡
1) as 作连词用,意为“如”､“像”,可以引导行为方式状语从句｡例如:
We should study as he studied. 我们应该像他那样学习｡
Do as I say. 照我说的去做｡
as 还可以引导比较状语从句,从句中的动词或整个谓语部分往往可以省略｡例如:
This room is as big as that one(is). 这个房间和那个房间一样大｡
as 作介词用时,意思是“作为”､“以……地位(身份)”｡例如:
As a student, you must study hard. 作为一名学生,你必须努力学习｡
I’ll help you as a friend. 我要以一个朋友的身份帮助你｡
2) like 作为介词,意为“像……一样”,后接名词､代词等｡例如:
Like some other animals, wolves are afraid of fire. 就像某些别的动物一样,狼也怕火｡
He can swim like a fish. 他能像鱼一样地游泳｡
注意: as 与 like 后面接名词或代词时,两者在意思上有很大差异｡试比较:
Let me speak to you as a teacher. 我作为一个老师同你说话｡(“我”就是老师｡)
Let me speak to you like a teacher. 让我像一位老师那样同你说话｡(其实“我”不是老师｡)
5. different, difference
different 只用作形容词,意为“不同的”､“有差异的”｡例如:
Are you in different grades? 你们在不同的年级吗?
Our shop sells a lot of different things. 我们商店卖很多不同的东西｡
be different from 是常见的固定搭配,意为“和……不同”｡例如:
Their farm is different from yours. 他们的农场与你们的不一样｡
difference 是与 different 同源的名词,可用作可数名词,也可用作不可数名词,意为“差别”､“差异”､“不同之处”｡例如:
There are many differences between English and Chinese. 英汉两种语言之间有很多差别｡
One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘,谬以千里｡
6. hard, hardly
从形式上看, hardly 似乎为 hard 的副词形式,其实并非如此｡
hard 可用作形容词,也可用作副词｡用作形容词时,意为“难的”､“硬的”､“勤奋的”､“严厉的”;用作副词时,意为“努力地”､“猛烈地”｡例如:
The question was too hard for me to answer. 那问题太难了,我回答不出来｡
He’s a hard father. 他是一位严父｡
It rained hard last night. 昨晚天下大雨｡
My daughter studies very hard. 我女儿学习非常用功｡
hardly 只用作副词,意为“几乎不”,相当于 almost not,本身含有否定意味｡例如:
I can hardly agree with you. 我几乎不能同意你的意见｡
But after we left the mountains behind us, there was hardly a cloud in the sky. 可是在我们走过群山之后,天空中几乎连一片云彩也没有｡
7. be good for, be bad for, be good at, be good to
1) be good for 意为“有益于……”､“对……有好处”,后接代词､名词或动词的-ing形式｡其反义词组为 be bad for,意为“对……有害“｡例如:
Exercise in the morning is good for our health. 晨练对我们的健康有益｡
This food is bad for children. 这种食品对儿童有害｡
2) be good at 意为“在……方面好”､“擅长于”,后面接名词､代词或动词的-ing形式｡ be good to 是“对……友善/好”的意思,后面通常接表示“人”的名词作宾语｡例如:
Are you good at singing? 你擅长唱歌吗?
Be good to elder people. 要善待年长者｡
8. have, eat, drink, take
英语中,have, eat, drink, take 等动词都可以表示“吃”､“喝”的意思｡但是在使用这些词时,应注意以下几点:
1) have 既可以指“吃”,又可以指“喝”｡在英国,人们习惯上用 have 来代替 drink;而在美国,人们却常用 eat 来代替 have｡但应注意:与 meal 和表示三餐名称的名词(breakfast, lunch, supper)连用时,只能用 have,而不能用其他的词｡例如:
We have three meals a day. 我们一天吃三顿饭｡
Have a cup of tea, please. 请喝杯茶｡
They have breakfast at seven in the morning. 他们早上七点钟吃早饭｡
2) eat 也有“吃”､“喝”之意,在美国比较常用｡当 eat 作“喝”讲时,只限于“喝汤”､“喝奶”｡例如:
Sometimes we go out to eat with our friends. 有时候我们和朋友们一起到外面去吃饭｡
I eat rice, meat and vegetables. 我吃米饭,肉和蔬菜｡
The girl eats like a bird. 这女孩吃得很少｡
My mother likes to eat soup. 我妈妈喜欢喝汤｡(注意:“喝汤”的“喝”要用 eat 表示,不能用 drink｡)
3) drink 意为“喝”,多用于指喝酒､水､茶､牛奶或各种饮料的“喝”,它没有“吃”的意思｡另外, drink 还可以用作名词,意为“饮料”｡例如:
Would you like something to drink? 你想喝点什么吗?
Let’s have a drink. 让我们喝一杯吧｡
We need food and drinks. 我们需要食物和饮料｡
4) take 当“吃”､“喝”讲时,不如 have, eat 正式,但表示“吃药”的“吃”时,应该用 take｡例如:
Take the medicine, and you will be all right. 你把这药吃了,就会好的｡
Take the medicine three times a day. 这种药一天吃三次｡
注意:在表示“随意吃……”时,应用 help yourself/ yourselves(to...)｡例如:
Help yourself to some fish, please. 请随意吃些鱼｡
9. should
should 用作情态动词时,可表示“劝告”或“建议”｡意为“应该”､“应当”｡例如:
We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助｡
You should spend more time on English. 你应该在英语上多花点时间｡
You should answer my question in English. 你应当用英语回答我的问题｡
should 也可用来提出意见或劝告别人｡例如:
It would be better if the three of you should work as a team. 最好你们三个人能组成一个小组去干活｡
委婉地对别人提出建议或劝告时,通常用“I should/ shouldn’t... if I were you”句式｡例如:
I shouldn’t worry at all if I were you. 我要是你的话,我才不着急呢｡
10. ago, before
这两个词均可用来表示“在……以前”｡二者之间的区别在于:
1) ago 是个副词,仅仅用于“一段时间 + ago”短语中,与一般过去时的谓语动词连用｡例如:
He left here ten minutes ago. 他十分钟前离开了这里｡
We borrowed some books from the library a week ago. 一周前我们从图书馆借了一些书｡
2) before 用作副词时,指从过去某时算起的若干时间以前,习惯上多在间接引语中与过去完成时的谓语动词搭配使用｡例如:
They said they had worked in the factory six years before. 他们说他们六年前就在这个工厂工作｡
She said your uncle had left here a moment before. 她说你叔叔刚才离开这里｡
before 用作副词时,还可以单独使用,用在谓语动词为一般过去时的句子中;它还可以泛指“从前”,用在谓语动词为现在完成时的句子里,但是 ago 不可以这样用｡例如:
Why didn’t you tell me that before? 你以前为什么不把那件事告诉我呢?
I have never seen such beautiful flowers before. 我以前从没有见过这么漂亮的花｡
before 用作介词时,多与表示一个时间点的词语连用｡例如:
What did you do before ten this morning? 今天上午十点以前你干什么了?
The day before yesterday was Sunday. 前天是星期天｡
before 也能用作从属连词,用来引导时间状语从句｡例如:
Where did you study before you came here? 你来这儿之前在哪里学习?
11. way, street, road
三者都为名词,意为“路”,但所指的“路”各不相同:
1) way 主要指从一个地方到另一个地方的路径,不含“街道”之意,也可以指“大路､小路或崎岖的路”等｡例如:
Which is the way to the hospital? 哪一条是去医院的路?
They’re coming this way. 他们正朝这条路走来｡
way 也可用来指抽象的､不具体的“路”､“路途”,并且可以表示“方式”､“方法”､“手段”等｡例如:
Use your head, then you’ll find a way. 动动脑筋,你就会找到办法的｡
It is another way of saying “quick”. 它是“快”的另一种说法｡
street 多用来指城市､市镇里的“街道”或“马路”｡这些“街道”､“马路”比较宽阔,而且两侧有建筑物｡例如:
He found a wallet in the street yesterday. 昨天他在大街上发现一个钱包｡
Don’t play in the street. 不要在街道上玩耍｡
road 主要指供车辆和行人通过的“路”,也可指“乡村道路”,两侧可以有建筑物,也可以没有建筑物｡例如:
This is the road to her village. 这就是去她那个村的路｡
A police car is running on the road. 一辆警车正在公路上奔驰｡
12. little, a little, few, a few
四者都能用来修饰或代替名词,它们之间的异同是:
little 和 a little 只能用来修饰或代替不可数名词,指的是“量”｡ little 意为“很少有”､“几乎没有”,表示否定意义; a little 意为“一点儿”､“少量的”,表示肯定意义｡试比较:
Lucy has little paper. Please give some to her. 露西几乎没有纸了,请给她一些｡
Those men can know only a little English. 那些人只懂得一点英语｡
few 和 a few 只能用来修饰或代替可数名词复数,指的是“数”｡ few 意为“少数的”､“没几个的”,表示否定意义; a few 意为“一些”､“有几个的”,表示肯定意义｡试比较:
Few people can live to be 150. 几乎没有什么人能活到150岁｡
I’m going to buy a few apples this afternoon. 今天下午我打算去买几个苹果｡
a little 也可用作副词,修饰形容词､副词或动词,而 a few 不可以这样用｡例如:
The girl is a little hungry now. 这个女孩现在有点饿｡
Get up a little early, and you’ll catch the train. 早点起床,你就能赶上那趟火车了｡
I like boating a little. 我有点喜欢划船｡
13. listen, listen to, hear
listen 和 hear 均为动词,都可以表示“听”的意思,但含义和用法并不完全相同｡
1) listen 只用作不及物动词,后面不能接人或物作宾语,着重于“留神听”､“倾听”,指的是有意识的动作,但并不强调结果｡例如:
Listen! There is a knock at the front door. 听!有人敲前门｡
We must listen carefully in class. 我们在课堂上必须认真地听讲｡
listen 常和介词 to 连用,后面可接人或物作宾语｡例如:
We enjoy listening to light music. 我们酷爱听轻音乐｡
They are listening to the teacher. 他们在听老师讲话｡
2) hear 可以用作及物动词,也可以用作不及物动词,意为“听见”､“听到”,指的是无意识的动作,但着重于听的能力和结果｡例如:
All of us hear with our ears. 我们都用耳朵来听｡
He listened but heard nothing. 他听了听,可什么也没听见｡
hear 还可用来表示“听说”､“闻知”､“得到消息”､“接到信”的意思,而listen不可以这样用｡例如:
I heard the story last year. 我是去年听说这个故事的｡
They have never heard about her. 他们从没有听到过她的消息｡
14. question, problem
二者都可用作名词,意为“问题”,有时候它们可以互换｡例如:
The question/problem is that we don’t know who did it. 问题是我们不知道谁干的这件事｡
但它们的用法也有所不同,具体区别如下:
question 所指的“问题”总是与“疑问”联系着｡可以说 ask a question, 也可以说 answer a question｡例如:
May I ask you any questions? 我可不可以问你几个问题?
Answer your teacher’s questions. 回答你老师的问题｡
当 question 与no连用时,意为“无疑”｡例如:
There is no question of his coming. 他来是无疑的｡
question 还能用作动词,表示“提问”､“询问”之意｡例如:
Can we question you on that point? 对那个论点我们可以向你提问吗?
problem 所指的“问题”总是与困难联系着,可以说有“困难”有待解决｡它可以指因患病或不适而令人担忧的事,或者指社会或生活中的难题,也可指与数目､事实等有关的问题,以及数学题和其它通过计算解答的习题｡例如:
I’m afraid you have a problem: you’re eating too much. 恐怕你的问题是你吃得太多｡
Life is full of problems. For example, we have some family problems. 生活中充满难题｡例如我们就有些家庭问题｡
I can’t work out this math problem. 我解答不了这道数学题｡
当 problem 与no连用时,表示没有困难,容易做得到｡例如:
No problem! Tell me, do I have to take them before or after meals? 没问题!告诉我,这些东西我是在饭前还是在饭后吃?
15. be angry with, be angry at
这两个短语均表示“对……生气”之意,但它们在用法上有区别｡
be angry with 后面习惯上接“人”作宾语,指“对某人生气”或“生某人的气”｡例如:
He was very angry with the man upstairs. 他对楼上的那个人很生气｡
Are you still angry with me? 你仍然在生我的气吗?
be angry at 后面习惯上接“事”作宾语,指“为某事而生气”｡例如:
Don’t be angry at his mistake. 你不要因他的错误而生气｡
I was angry at what she said. 我对她所说的话很生气｡
注意: be angry 后面的动词不定式或从句表示生气的原因｡例如:
He’ll be angry to find that nothing has been done. 发现什么也没有做,他会生气的｡
16. till, until
till 和 until 均可用作介词和连词,意思基本相同,一般可以互换｡二者出现在肯定句中时,意为“到……为止”,谓语动词一般是延续性动词;二者出现在否定句中时,意为“直到……才”,谓语动词一般是终止性动词｡例如:
Go down this street until/ till you reach the second traffic light. 沿着这条大街往前走,一直走到第二个交通灯处｡
You mustn’t eat anything until/till you see the doctor. 直到你看了医生才允许吃东西｡
但是在下面两种情况下,只可用until, 不可用till｡
A) 位于句首时｡例如:
Until now I know nothing about it. 直到现在我对此事还一无所知｡
B) “It is not... until... that...”句式中不可用 till 取代 until｡例如:
It was not until the bell rang that the children stopped playing. 直到上课铃响了孩子们才停止玩耍｡
17. advice
1) advice 意为“劝告”､“建议”,是不可数名词,不能说 an advice, many/ a few advices｡若表示“一条建议”,则用 a piece of advice; “两条建议”为 two pieces of advice; “一些建议”为 some advice｡
2) 与 advice 搭配构成的短语有: ask...for advice 意为“(向)……征求建议”, give advice 意为“提出忠告”,take/ follow one’s advice 意为“接受/ 采纳(他人的)忠告/建议”｡例如:
I’ll ask my teacher for advice when I have difficulty in doing something. 每当我做事遇到困难时,我就向老师征求建议｡
What good advice can you give to your friends? 你能向你的朋友提出哪些明智的建议?
3) 当 advice 表示“有关……的建议”时,后接“介词 on + 名词､代词”或连“接代词或连接副词 + 动词不定式”｡例如:
Our teacher usually gives us some good advice on the study of maths. 老师常就数学学习给我们提些好的建议｡
Let’s ask for her advice on what to do next. 我们就下一步该怎么做征求她的意见｡
4) advice 的动词形式是 advise, 意为“建议”､“劝告”｡指用道理劝告对方改正错误或接受意见,至于对方是否接受,则不明确｡其后常跟名词､代词或V-ing形式作宾语｡例如:
The doctor advised that he should take a complete rest. 医生建议他全休｡
I advised waiting until six o’clock. 我建议一直等到六点钟｡
18. so
so 既可用作副词,又可用作连词,表示“这样”､“如此”､“因此”､“所以”等意思｡
1) so 作副词用,意为“这样”､“如此”,常用来代替整个句子或某一情况的全部,在口语中常与 think, hope, say, be afraid 等词语连用,使说话人的语气显得客气､委婉｡例如:
―I think English is more useful than Chinese. What about you? 我认为英语比汉语更有用,你说呢?
―I don’t think so. I think they are both useful. 我不这样想,我认为这两种语言都有用｡
―Will it be fine tomorrow? 明天天气会好吗?
―I hope so. 但愿如此｡
2) so作连词用时,意为“因而”､“所以”､“为了”､“以便”等｡例如:
Wang Tao’s pen was broken, so he needed a new one. 王涛的钢笔坏了,所以他需要买一支新的｡
注意:汉语中的“因为……,所以……”译成英语时,用了 because 就不能用 so,用了 so 就不能用 because｡请注意下面汉语句子的英译:
因为他病了,所以没去上学｡
误: Because he was ill, so he didn’t go to school.
正: Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school.
正: He was ill, so he didn’t go to school.
3) so 作副词用时,可以在句子中修饰形容词或副词｡ so 表示程度,意为“这么”､“那么”､“如此地”｡例如:
When he came back, I was so tired. 他回来的时候,我累极了｡
so 常用于口语中,意为“非常”､“很”｡例如:
―I found it in my bag five minutes ago. 五分钟前我在我的包里找到了它｡
―I’m so glad. 我很高兴｡
在“so + 助动词/be 动词/情态动词 + 主语”的倒装结构中, so 表示前面所述的肯定情况也适用于后者｡例如:
I’m good at English, and so is my sister. 我英语学得好,我妹妹英语学得也好｡
I like English and so does she. 我喜欢英语,她也喜欢｡
We can speak Chinese, so can Kate. 我们会讲汉语,凯特也会｡
注意:这一结构中的主语可以是名词或人称代词,但它和上文的主语不是同一个“人”或“物”｡例如:
―She bought a computer. 她买了一台电脑｡
―So did I. 我也买了一台｡
4) 在“so + 主语 + 助动词/be 动词/情态动词”结构中,so 用于对前面所述事实的肯定,含有“的确如此”之意｡例如:
―He will go to Hangzhou for a holiday tomorrow. 他明天要去杭州度假｡
―So he will. 的确如此｡
5) 在“主语 + do 的某种形式 + so”结构中, so 用来避免重复前文中提到的情况｡例如:
The teacher asked us to read the text and we did so. 老师让我们读这篇课文,我们就读了｡
19. back, behind
二者都可以表示“后面”的意思,但具体用法不同｡
1) back 可用作名词､副词､形容词或动词｡通常出现在下列场合:
① back 作名词用时,意为“后背”,“后面”或“后部”｡例如:
His back hurt yesterday. 昨天他的后背痛｡
Do you know the little boy on his back? 你认识他背上背着的那个小男孩吗?
Liu Fang sat at the back of the classroom. 当时刘芳是坐在教室的后面｡
② back 作副词用时,意为“返回”或“向后”｡含 back 的短语有 be back(返回), come back(回来), go back(回去), get back(返回), bring back(拿回来), take back(收回), fight back(回击)等｡例如:
It’s September now. We are all back at school. 现在是九月份,我们都回到了学校｡
When are you coming back? 你什么时候回来?
Keep back. It’s dangerous! 不要往前走,有危险!
③ back也可作形容词用,意为“后面的”或“过期的”｡例如:
There are some pictures on the back wall. 后墙上有一些图画｡
④ back还可用作动词,意为“支持”或“后退”｡例如:
I’ll back you up. 我会支持你的｡
He backed up three steps. 他后退了三步｡
2) behind 的用法
① behind可以用作介词,意为“(位置)在……的后面”｡例如:
The ball is behind the door. 球在门后面｡
介词 behind 还可以用来表示时间,意为“在……后面”｡例如:
That day the train was behind its time. 那一天火车误点了｡
② behind 还可以用作副词,意为“在后面”或“往后面”｡例如:
Come here, please. Don’t sit behind. 请过来,别坐在后面｡
Look behind. 往后看｡(相当于:Look back.)
behind 用作副词时,仍保持原来介词的含义(在……后面)｡例如:
The boy is running behind(the bike). 那男孩跟在(自行车)后面跑｡
The people followed behind(him). 那些人跟在(他)后面走｡
20. moment
moment 的意思是“片刻”､“瞬间”,用作可数名词时,其前可用不定冠词 a,定冠词 the 或基数词 one 等来说明动作的短暂｡具体用法有:
1) 与不定冠词a或基数词 one 一起用时,构成简略的祈使句,表示“请求对方稍等一会儿”的意思｡例如:
Just a moment, please. 请稍等一会儿｡
One moment, please. 请等一会儿｡
2) 将 a moment 置于动词之后,作状语用｡例如:
Wait a moment, please. 请稍候｡
3) moment 常与 at, for 等介词或 ago, later 等副词搭配,构成固定短语,用作时间状语｡
① at the moment 意为“此刻”､“现在”,相当于时间副词 now,常用来说明目前的状态及正在发生的动作｡例如:
What is the most popular song at the moment? 目前最流行的歌曲是什么?
I’m afraid he’s out at the moment. 恐怕他现在是出去了｡
② at that moment 意为“在那时”､“在那一瞬间”､“其时”,相当于 at that time,表示过去某一特定的时刻发生的动作,常用在谓语动词为一般过去时的句子里｡例如:
At that moment Lucy came into the classroom. 在那时,露西走进了教室｡
Just at that moment, the door opened and in came Mr Smith. 正在那时,门开了,史密斯先生走了进来｡
③ at any moment 意为“任何时候”､“随时”,相当于 at any time,指说话这一时刻之后的任何时候,常用于谓语动词为一般现在时或一般将来时的句子里｡例如:
You may meet me at any moment. 你可以随时来见我｡
He will come back at any moment. 他随时都会回来的｡
④ for a moment 意为“一会儿”､“暂时”,常用在一般现在时､一般将来时或一般过去时的谓语动词之后,表示动作延续的时间｡例如:
Won’t you come in and stay for a moment? 你不进来呆一会儿吗?
He stood there for a moment and went in. 他在那儿站了一会儿,然后走了进去｡
⑤ a moment later 意为“片刻之后”､“一会儿之后”,相当于 after a while,常用于谓语动词为一般过去时的句子中,作状语用｡例如:
A moment later, the Class 4 runner fell and hurt his leg, but he quickly got up and went on running. 一会儿之后,四班的赛跑运动员跌伤了腿,但他迅速爬起来,继续向前跑｡
⑥ a moment ago 意为“刚才”､“一会儿之前”,在谓语动词为一般过去时的句子中,相当于 just now, 作状语用｡例如:
She was here a moment ago. 她刚才在这里｡
He told me about it a moment ago. 刚才他将那件事告诉了我｡
21. late, later, later on
1) late 可以用作形容词或副词,意思是“晚(的)”､“迟(的)”｡例如:
He was often late for school last term. 上学期他上学经常迟到｡
On New Year’s Eve, all the family stay up late to welcome the New Year. 除夕夜,全家人都熬到很晚,以迎接新年的到来｡
2) later 常用作副词,意为“以后､后来”,常用于谓语动词为一般过去时或一般将来时的句子中｡它也常和表示一段时间的名词连用,构成“段时间 + later”短语,作状语用｡例如:
Later I have to go to the Children’s Palace to learn the piano. 稍后我得到少年宫去学钢琴｡
His brother came back three days later. 三天后,她弟弟又回来了｡
3) later on 表示“以后,稍后”,一般指将来时间,在句中作状语用｡例如:
It will get colder later on. 晚些时候,天气会更冷｡
22. for vacation, on vacation
for vacation 意为“度过假期”,表示目的｡ for 构成的介词短语常用来表示做某事的目的｡例如:
―What’s she doing for vacation? 她假期里打算干什么?
―She’s babysitting her sister. 她要照顾妹妹｡
on vacation 意为“在度假”｡例如:
Where did you go on vacation? 假期你去哪儿了?
23. away
1) away 是个副词,意为“向远处”､“离开”､“不在”｡例如:
I’ll only be away for a few minutes. 我只离开一会儿｡
He is away in the countryside. 他远在乡下｡
2) away 与 keep, stay 连用时,意为“避开”､“离开”｡例如:
The boy stayed away from school today. 这男孩今天没去上学｡
Keep away from fire. 离开火｡
3) away 与 go, get, run, walk 等动词连用,意为“……开”､“……掉”｡例如:
Don’t go away. 别走开｡
I don’t think I can get away. 我想我走不掉了｡
4) away 与 take, put, send, throw 等动词连用,意为“把……掉”､“把……走”｡例如:
You can take away the book with you. 你可以随身把书拿走｡
The teacher wanted to send the naughty boy away. 老师想把那个调皮的男生撵走｡
You must put away your things. 你必须收拾好你的东西｡
5) away 可表示“离……有多远”｡例如:
How far away is your home from here? 你家离这儿有多远?
注意: 在 be away from 这个短语中, away 前面可出现“far”或“...kilometers”等,但“far”和“...kilometers”不能同时出现在一个句子中｡不能说:Jilin is 2,000 kilometers far away from Beijing. 但可以说:Jilin is 2,000 kilometers away from Beijing.(吉林离北京两千公里远｡)也可以说:Jilin is far away from Beijing.(吉林离北京很远｡)
24. send
send 是及物动词,意为“送”､“寄”､“派”,其过去式为 sent｡“把某物送给某人”可以用“sendsth”或“send sth to sb”表示｡例如:
I’ll send him some books.(=I’ll send some books to him.) 我将给他寄一些书｡
I couldn’t come myself, so I sent my friend. 当时我自己来不了,所以让我的朋友来了｡
含 send 的常见短语有:send for(派人去叫/ 请), send away(撵走,开除), send up(发射), send out(分发), send off(送别)等｡例如:
She is badly ill. Please send for a doctor at once. 她病得很重,请立即派人请个医生来｡
Edison’s teacher thought that he wasn’t clever, so he sent him away from school. 爱迪生的老师认为他不聪明,所以把爱迪生赶出了学校｡
The sun sends out light and warmth. 太阳发出光和热｡
―When did China send up her Shenzhou-Ⅵ spaceship? 中国是什么时候发射“神州六号”宇宙飞船的?
―On October 12th, 2005. 在2005年10月12日｡
Many of his friends went to the airport to send him off. 他的许多朋友前往机场为他送行｡
25. think, think about, think of
think 既可用作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词,其词义是“想､思考､认为､料想”等｡ think 作及物动词用时,其后可跟名词､代词､动词不定式和从句等作宾语｡例如:
He thought his way out of the trouble. 他动脑筋想办法,摆脱了困境｡
Stop worrying about the matter, or you’ll think yourself sick. 别为这件事着急,否则你会急出毛病来的｡
I never thought to see you here. 我从没有想到在这里碰到你｡
I think that it’s a good idea. 我认为那是一个好主意｡
think about 与 think of 是习惯用语,前者表示“考虑､思考”,后者表示“想起､记得､考虑､关心”｡例如:
We are thinking about a plan for our holidays. 我们正在考虑度假的计划｡
I thought of my hometown when I saw the beautiful scenery. 看见这美丽的景色,使我想起了我的家乡｡
26. forget
forget 是个及物动词,意为“忘记”､“忘却”,后接名词或代词作宾语｡例如:
I forget his name. 我忘了他的名字｡
Don’t forget me. 别忘了我｡
注意: forget to do sth 意为“忘记要做某事”,即动词不定式所表示的动作还未做; forget doing sth 意为“忘记做过某事”,即动词-ing所表示的动作已做过,但说话时把此事忘了｡例如:
I forgot to tell him about it. 我忘记把此事告诉他了｡(尚未告诉)
I forgot meeting you in some place. 我忘了在哪儿见过你｡(已经见过,但现在忘了)
He forgot to close the door. 他忘记关门了｡(门还开着)
He forgot closing the door. 他忘记自己已把门关上了｡(门已关上)
27. plan
1) plan 可用作名词,意为“计划”､“规划”､“方案”等｡例如:
You should make a plan for your studies. 你应该制订一个学习计划｡
What are your plans for vacation? 你的假期计划是什么?
His plan is to do some reading first. 他的计划是先看些书｡
Do you know the five-year plan of our factory? 你知道我们厂的五年规划吗?
We don’t have any plan for the weekend. Why don’t you come over to discuss it with us? 我们周末没有什么打算｡你为何不过来与我们协商一下呢?
2) plan 也可用作动词,意为“计划”､“设计”｡例如:
We are planning to visit the zoo tomorrow. 我们打算明天去参观动物园｡
I plan to have my holiday in Qingdao. 我计划去青岛度假｡
―Have you planned yet? 你们计划好了吗?
―Not yet. 还没呢｡
28. finish
finish 可用作动词,意为“完成”,后面可接名词或动词的 -ing 形式作宾语｡有时 finish 也可用作不及物动词｡例如:
His work finishes at a quarter to five.(= He finishes his work at four forty-five.) 他四点三刻下班｡
When are you going to finish your housework? 你什么时候做完家务?
Can you finish reading the book in three days? 你能在三天内读完这本书吗?
I can come and talk with you when I finish. 完了就来和你聊天｡
They will finish talking in ten minutes. 他们过十分钟就要谈完了｡
注意: finish 后面不能接动词不定式,即不能说 finish to do sth｡
29. leave
1) leave 可用作及物动词,意为“留下､留给､放”,常与表示地点的介词短语连用｡ leaveby oneself(=leavealone)意为“把某人单独留下”｡例如:
He left his gloves in the hotel. 他把他的手套落在旅馆里了｡
They are very busy with work and always leave their son home by himself. 他们工作非常忙,总是把儿子一个人留在家中｡
注意: 汉语中的“遗留”可以用 leave 或 forget 表示｡不过, leave 多与表示场所的副词或介词短语连用; forget 通常不与表示场所的副词连用,但外出忘记带某物时通常用 forget｡试比较:
I left my umbrella in the train yesterday. 昨天我把我的雨伞落在火车上了｡
I forgot to bring my umbrella. 我忘了带雨伞了｡
2) leave 可以用作及物动词或不及物动词,意为“离开､出发”｡“leave... for”意为“动身､出发(去某地)”｡例如:
He left Paris for New York. 他离开巴黎前往纽约｡
3) leave 属非延续性动词,它不能和表示一段时间的词语连用｡如果要表示离开一段时间,就要用 be away 表示｡例如:
我将离开这儿一段时间｡
误: I’ll leave here for some time.
正: I’ll be away from here for some time.
4) leave还可用作名词,意为“休假､假期､许可､同意”等｡例如:
I had a two weeks’ leave. 我有两个星期的假｡
He asked for a day’s leave yesterday because his mother was ill. 昨天他请了一天假,因为他母亲病了｡