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罕见胰腺肿瘤:来自良性平滑肌瘤转移1例及文献复习

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摘 要 通过罕见胰腺转移性肿瘤1例及相关文献复习,对胰腺转移性肿瘤的鉴别诊断和治疗方法进行阐述,为社区医生拓宽思路,减少误诊提供帮助。

关键词 胰腺 转移性肿瘤 鉴别诊断

中图分类号:R734.2 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2014)04-0012-03

Rare pancreatic tumor: one case with pancreatic

benign metastasiging leiomyoma and review of literature

JIANG Chongyi, WANG Wei, YUAN Zurong

(Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment Center of General

Surgical Department of Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China)

ABSTRACT Through a case of rare pancreatic metastatic tumor and the related literature review, this article elaborates the differential diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic metastatic tumors to help broaden the idea of community physicians to reduce misdiagnosis.

KEY WORDS pancreas; metastatic tumor; differential diagnosis

胰腺转移性肿瘤在临床上少见,其发生率约占胰腺肿瘤的2.0%~5.0%[1-2]。从原发肿瘤出现到发生肿瘤胰腺转移的平均间隔期约为9年[2-3]。最常见的胰腺转移肿瘤来自肾癌、肺癌、乳腺癌或结肠癌[1,4]。黑色素瘤、甲状腺癌与间质肿瘤的胰腺转移也有报道[5]。由于胰腺转移性肿瘤的临床症状与胰腺原发肿瘤相似,因此在诊断上常难以进行鉴别[6]。子宫来源的胰腺转移性肿瘤更为罕见,仅有少量病例报道,且均为恶性肿瘤[7-9]。我们报道1例子宫肌瘤来源的胰腺转移性肿瘤。

1 病例介绍

52岁女性患者,因为绝经后阴道出血1月来我院就诊。无腹痛、黄疸、发热、体重减轻或其他伴随症状。体检扪及下腹部约10 cm肿块,质硬,固定,边界清楚。术前常规实验室检查以及肿瘤标志物(包括CA19-9、CA-125)均正常。盆腔CT检查提示子宫体部中央区3.7 cm×2.8 cm轻度强化肿块,以及子宫体底部壁区10×10 cm子宫肌瘤(图1)。此外,上腹部CT检查时偶然发现胰头部存在2.9 cm×3.4 cm不均质强化肿块(图2)。术前经诊刮证实子宫体部肿块为I级子宫内膜癌。患者遂接受手术,术中发现胰头部肿瘤直接侵犯肠系膜上静脉,无法切除,通过前列腺穿刺针行胰腺肿瘤穿刺活检,并行子宫加双侧附件切除术。术后病理学检查证实子宫肿瘤为子宫内膜癌,侵犯子宫肌层。子宫壁的巨大肿块为子宫肌瘤。在显微镜下见胰腺肿瘤组织的梭形细胞,无坏死与有丝分裂象(图3)。胰腺肿瘤的免疫组化显示SMA、desmin与vimentin强阳性,CD117与S-100阴性,雌激素与孕激素受体阳性。根据上述病理学检查结果与免疫组化特征,我们考虑该胰腺肿瘤为良性转移性平滑肌瘤(benign metastasizing leiomyoma, BML)。该患者术后拒绝接受任何后续治疗。在一年的随访期间,没有发现胰腺转移肿瘤增大或其他复发迹象。

2 讨论

临床上胰腺转移性肿瘤极少见。Faure等[10]分析269例手术切除的胰腺肿瘤病例中转移性肿瘤仅有8例(3.0%)。Minni等[11]总结708例胰腺肿瘤病例仅发现3例转移性肿瘤(0.4%)。Adsay等[5]回顾分析了973例胰腺肿瘤切除标本,其中胰腺转移性肿瘤38例(3.8%),以肺癌转移最为多见,其次为消化道肿瘤与淋巴瘤。由于胰腺转移性肿瘤无特异临床症状,约有1/3的病例在术前会被误认为胰腺原发性肿瘤。Lee等[12]回顾文献发现,胰腺转移性肿瘤有5.0%患者存在体重降低,腹痛占20.0%,黄疸30.0%,而超过45.0%的患者无任何症状。有报道认为影像学检查对于胰腺原发和转移性肿瘤的鉴别没有帮助[13]。细针穿刺活检可能有助于术前诊断[14-16]。

术前我们曾考虑本病例胰腺肿瘤为子宫内膜癌转移可能,但缺乏影像学依据支持。由于担心穿刺活检可能导致出血、胰瘘等相关并发症,因而选择了直接行剖腹探查。术后胰腺标本的病理学检查提示该肿瘤由梭形细胞构成,结合病理检查与免疫组化检测结果提示为BML。BML为来源于子宫平滑肌瘤的转移性肿瘤,发生率较低,迄今临床报道的病例数仅百余例[17-18]。最常见的转移部位为肺或淋巴结[17],胰腺转移为首次报道。该肿瘤虽发生转移,但生长缓慢,常无临床表现,具有激素依赖性特点,预后较好[17-18]。

对于肿瘤的孤立性转移病灶,目前均认为手术切除有助于改善患者的预后[19]。但胰腺手术相关的巨大手术创伤,使临床医生对胰腺转移性肿瘤患者是否能够从手术治疗中获益存在疑问。目前相关的临床研究较少。最大宗的报道来自美国麻省总院的Konstantinidis[20],其回顾了15年内接受胰腺手术的2 224例患者,其中40例(1.8%)为胰腺转移性肿瘤。这部分患者的围手术期并发症发生率为37.5%,死亡率为2.5%,中位生存时间4.4年,5年生存率42.0%。德国Niess等对26例胰腺转移性肿瘤患者的回顾分析也得到类似的结论[21],73.0%的患者能达到R0切除,围手术期并发症发生率35.0%,无围手术期死亡病例,患者3年生存率73.2%,5年生存率52.3%,中位生存时间63个月。此外,胰腺转移性肿瘤的手术切除率可达64.0%,远高于胰腺导管腺癌15.0%~20.0%的手术切除率[11]。上述研究结果提示对于全身状况较好的胰腺孤立转移性肿瘤患者采取积极的手术治疗可有效改善患者预后[20-21]。

3 结论

胰腺转移性肿瘤的临床发生率低,术前鉴别诊断较困难。细致的病史采集结合影像学检查与穿刺活检可能有助于诊断。手术切除胰腺转移病灶是可以考虑的治疗方案,尤其对于经过充分评估的病例,手术有助于改善患者预后。

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(收稿日期:2013-09-16)