提高英语书面表达文采的探索与实践
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在学习英语的过程中，我们往往通过听、说、读、写四个方面来培养学生。这四个方面密切相关，相互渗透，互为基础，又呈螺旋式提高。听和读是从外部言语到内部言语的内化过程，说和写是从内部言语到外部言语的外代过程。而写作又是重中之重，它要在听、说、读的基础上进行培养和提高。不仅能体现学生的语法水平帮助学生提高使用英语的准确性。在实践中，它还能反映学生的思维状况，提高逻辑思考及分析问题的能力。高中英语书面表达已不再把要点齐全、语法正确作为最高标准，而要求学生能运用一些高级表达方式来提升文章的文采，增添文章的韵味；并合理安排布局增强文章的档次，令阅卷者耳目一新，从而在考试中得到高分。笔者根据日常教学中的经验谈谈如何在日常教学中指导和训练学生采用一些实用型强的高级表达方式来增强书面表达的美感，提高书面表达的文采。
尽管随着英语教学的深入，学生中好的文章层出不穷。然而，很多学生还是停留在比较低的水平，写作时学生出现的问题如下：
词汇错误
1.拼写错误
2、词概念不清。
（1）同一汉语意思的名词、动词、形容词等混用或错用。
Our environment has been pollution badly.
(pollution---polluted)
Smoking is bad for our healthy. (healthy--health)
(2) 人称代词主宾格的混用。
To keep we healthy, we should eat fewer snacks.（第一个we --us)
用词累赘、用词不当或搭配不当。
The box is too heavy for the weak boy to carry it.(删掉it)
Tom was in such a hurry that he forgot his schoolbag at home.(forgot--left)
语法错误
1. 动词时态和语态的错误。
Last summer vacation, some of my classmates decide to travel with their friends. (decide--decided)
We watched until the train was disappeared.(删掉was)
非谓语动词的误用。
If heating, water can be changed into steam.(heating --heated)
Don't forget taking your umbrella when you leave here.(taking --to take)
汉语式的表达
误用： Our city has taken place great changes.
正确： Great changes have taken place in our country.
句法错误
误用：As some old people feel lonely. We may chat with them about their old days, changes of our city, or anything they are interested in.
正确：As some old people feel lonely.，we may chat with them about their old days, changes of our city, or anything they are interested in.
句子之间缺乏连贯性或指代不明。
误; Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.
正：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.
语篇错误
语篇层面上出现的问题常常是：偏离主题；遗漏基本要点；人称混用；段落不清，行文较乱，分不清层次；具体的段落中缺少主题句与结尾句；段落之间缺少承上启下的连接句。
采取的措施
一、巧妙运用“启、承、转、合”过渡性词汇和语句把整篇书面表达衔接起来，使整篇文章流畅自然，语义连贯。
1.“启|――创造良好开端
良好的开端是成功的一半。好的文章必然有好的开头。用于表示 “启”的过渡词或过渡性的语句一般用在段落或文章的开头，以提出话题或论述的主题等。常用的表示“启”的过渡词和短语有：, recently,in the first place, first of all, at first, first and foremost, firstly,now, at present, in recent years etc.
2.“承”――顺势承上启下
承即承接。书面表达用表示“承”的过渡性词将开头的话题承接下来，继续阐述，深度发掘。表示“承”的过渡性词语常用于段落中的第一个扩展句中。常用的表示“承”的过渡性词语 ： secondly, similarly, in addition, besides, likewise, then , furthermore, moreover, what is more, what is worse, for ex, surely. example, for instance, certainly,ob, in other words,obviously etc
3.“转”――巧妙转折过渡
“转'是转折。好的作文应当不断变换和调节叙述的角度或方法，以引起读者的注意，吸引读者眼球。巧妙利用过渡词语可以实现写作思路的转换、话题的转换乃至语气的转换，避免文章显得生涩和勉强。表示“转”的过渡性词语有：
But, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in any case, nevertheless, otherwise, or , or else
4.“合”――完美结束全文
“合”是综合或总结，以画龙点睛式的方法结束全文。好的结尾应给人启迪。一般应把“合”的过渡词或过渡性的语句用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中。常用的过渡词语有：in a word, in general, in short ,above all, after all ,generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result etc
二、日常教学中如何训练学生巧用过渡性词语，增强文章的逻辑性。方法如下：
A.句子间的衔接与过渡训练，使句子紧凑、连贯。
1. Thomas is generous and friendly.____, he always pays the bill when he has dinner with his friends at restaurants.(Therefore)
2.I don't want to give the waiter any tip.____, he serves me badly.(for)
B. 段落间填入适当的连接词，使句子之间或段落之间衔接紧凑、连贯。
In our lives, there are some good reasons for owning a car. first, cars provide the most convenient form of transportation.second, a car is a comfortable way to travel,especially in winter.Besides,a driver is usually safe in his car when he is out at night.As a result, many people favor owning a car.
三、训练和指导学生巧用高级词汇和较多语法结构，提高文章的表达档次。
学生可尝试使用下列高级语法项目:非谓语动词的使用、强调句、感叹句、with复合结构，复合句的使用等。在日常教学中可把写作训练与相应的语法巩固复习结合起来，会起到事半功倍的效果。
Eg. A. 用非谓语动词把句子改写成简单句。
① I don’t know about others, but I used to have to work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes as well.
② We’ll mostly stay at home in the evening watching TV, playing games, and meeting people.
B. 用with 结构改写句子的训练
with结构
① A terrible accident happened yesterday, with nine people killed and almost eighty injured.
② He was carrying a bedroll and a large bag on his shoulder, with a large suitcase in his left hand.
C.用适当的短语替换划线部分词语的练习。
Eg.be worn out替换 be tired / broken
① After five hours’ non-stop work, we were all worn out (tired).
② My shoes are worn out (broken). Please buy me a new pair.
D.简单句转换成复合句的训练
Some of us heard the news. The news is that our country has taken measures to prevent cheating in exams.
(Some of us heard the news that our country has taken measures to prevent cheating in exams.)
E.简单句转变成强调句
I put the letter in the hole.(It is in the hole that I put the .)
What she says and does is a good example.
(It is what she says and does that is a good example.
What will he buy for his lovely sister?
F.简单句变成倒装句的训练
The artist can open the suitcase only in this way.
(Only in this way can the artist open the suitcase.)
The young man had no sooner taken off his coat than the woman came in.
(No sooner had the young man taken off his coat than the woman came in.)
G 改写成感叹句的训练
She shows great interest in whatever he says and does.
(What great interest she shows in he says and does.)
The child was speaking to the captain very excitedly.
(How excitedly was the child speaking to the captain.)
俗话说“千里之行始于足下”。学生能写出语言流畅、精彩的文章，不是一日之功。它需要教师从平时的课堂教学一点一滴抓起，循序渐进把训练贯穿于英语教学的始终，需要学生多读多练，坚持不懈，熟能生巧以求水到渠成之功。
参考文献：
《中小学外语教学与研究》
《中学生英语测试报》
《中学生英语辅导报》