如何打造靓丽的高考英语书面表达
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高考《考试说明》中，英语书面表达评分标准第五档（很好）是这样描述的：“覆盖所有内容要点;应用较多的语法结构和词汇方面有少许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致;具备较强的语言应用能力;有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑;完全达到了预期的写作目的。”高考英语书面表达的最高标准定位到了这样一个高度，既利于反映学生的英语水平，又有利于促进英语教学水平的提高。当然，高考中要获得书面表达的高分难度也相应增加了。那么，我们怎么才能把握好英语写作，从而使之靓丽呢？我们应该从三个方面入手。
一、使用较高级的词汇，提高书面表达的档次
词汇反映一个考生知识储存量的多少，是衡量考生英语水平的一个重要标志。表达时，灵活运用一些较高级的单词和短语能有效地提高高考英语书面表达的档次，使语言不至于单纯和幼稚。比如：
Suddenly I thought out a good idea. （一般）Suddenly I came up with a good idea. / A good idea suddenly occurred to me. / A good idea suddenly struck me. （高级）
Another new subway is being built in Nanjing. （一般）Another new subway is under construction in Nanjing. （高级）
Now I am going to introduce the room to you carefully. （一般）Now I am going to give you a detailed description of the room. （NMET2003范文） （高级）
具体做法：
1. 改时态。例如：
The bus is coming. （一般） Here comes the bus. （高级）
2. 改语态：例如：
You should pay more attention to your handwriting. （一般） More attention should be paid to your handwriting. / Your handwriting should be paid more attention to. （高级）
3. 使用不定式：例如：
He is very kind. He can help others. （一般）He is so kind as to help others. （高级）
4. 使用名词性从句。例如：
To his surprise， he failed the College Entrance Examination. （一般） What surprised him was that he failed the College Entrance Examination. （高级）
5. 使用省略、替代，使句子避免重复，突出关键词。例如：
The cars turned out in their company are good. The cars made in our company are better. （一般） The cars made in our company are better than those turned out in theirs. （高级）
6. 运用同位语从句。例如：
It made everybody sad that he died in the accident. （一般） The news that he died in the accident made everybody sad. （高级）
7. 使用强调句型。例如：
A celebration takes place on November 5th every day. （一般） It is a celebration that takes place on November 5th every day. （牛津M6U3）（高级）
8. 运用否定来表示肯定的事情。例如：
The old professor can see things when he puts on his glasses. （一般） The old professor cant see anything without glasses. （高级）
Work hard and youll make progress. （一般） If you dont work hard， you wont make progress.= It is impossible to make progress without working hard. （高级）
9. 恰当使用成语或谚语更显语言魅力。例如：
Would you help me， please？ （一般） Would you do me a favour？=Would you give / lend me a hand， please？ （高级）
10. 使用虚拟语气。例如：
Tomorrow I wont have time. Certainly I wont help you. （一般） If I had time tomorrow， I would certainly help you. （牛津M6U3）（高级）
11. 使用过去分词。例如：
Though we are faced with so many barriers， we have to finish the tough task on time.（一般） Though faced with so many barriers， we have to finish the tough task on time.（牛津M6U4）（高级）
12. 使用状语从句。例如：
Better ways for digging tunnels were developed and the first railway tunnel under the River Thames was dug in 1884. （一般） As better ways for digging tunnels were developed， the first railway tunnel under the River Thames was dug in 1884. （牛津M7U4）
13. 使用独立主格结构合并短句或简化从句。例如：
My brother was riding the bike. I sat on the seat behind him. （一般） My brother was riding the bike with me sitting on the seat behind.（NMET 1997范文） （高级）
14. 使用定语从句。例如：
After dinner， I packed into the suitcase the things， such as clothes， glasses， an umbrella， and a map. My grandparents need them. （一般） After dinner， I packed into the suitcase the things my grandparents need， such as clothes， glasses， an umbrella， and a map.（2010年北京卷范文）（高级）
15. 使用现在分词。例如：
The girl realizes her mom must be very tired after a days work. She helps to remove the bag from her shoulder. （一般） Realizing her mom must be very tired after a days work， the girl helps to remove the bag from her shoulder. （2011年江苏卷范文）（高级）
16. 使用一些强调句式，如强调句、感叹句、倒装句，增强语句的表达力。例如：
I didnt go to bed until midnight. （一般） It was not until midnight that I went to bed. =Not until midnight did I go to bed. （高级）
We can make a difference in whatever we hope to accomplish when we match our words with actions. （一般） Only when we match our words with actions can we make a difference in whatever we hope to accomplish.（2013年江苏卷范文）（高级）
二、抓住文章布局和行文，提高书面表达层次
文章布局和行文方面，要注重书面表达的条理性，流畅性和思想性，使文章层次分明，上下贯通，结构紧凑。
1. 条理性是指要合理布局文章结构。首先，在文章思路、组织材料、叙述顺序等方面要有一定的条理性。根据需要使各段之间层次分明。段落的开头语往往是至关重要，写得好阅卷老师给的印象分就高。结尾往往是总结句。全文结构应注意首尾呼应，前后相联。学习过程中应多研读高考英语书面表达范文。
2. 流畅性是指根据整篇文章意思的需要，有效采用不同的连接手段，以使文章层次清晰，行文连贯。学会使用过渡性词语，是得高分的关键。如常用的关联词：
（1） 表示并列或选择关系：and， both... and， as well as， also， too， or， either... or， or else， not only... but also
（2） 表示转折和对比关系：but， yet， however， nevertheless， in spite of， otherwise， while， or， on the contrary， instead of， on the other hand， just like， unlike
（3） 表示因果关系：so， for， thus， therefore， as a result， because， because of， owing to， for this / that reason， due to， thanks to， on account of
（4） 表示时间、顺序关系：first， second， third， then， next， finally， at last， soon， soon after， immediately after， shortly after， after， before， as soon as， in the end， suddenly， the moment， the second， the minute， while， when， since， till， until， whenever
（5） 表示递进和强调关系：besides， furthermore， in addition， whats more， after all， moreover， above all， whats worse， worse still， to make matters worse
（6） 表示列举、解释和说明：such as， for example， for instance， that is to say， namely， actually， in other words， and so on， to tell you the truth， according to this
（7） 表示条件：if， unless， as long as， so long as， in case， on condition that
（8） 表示让步：though， although， as， even if， even though， whether， who （what / when / where） + ever
（9） 表示过渡性的插入语：I think， Im afraid， you know， as we all know
（10） 表示结论：in short， in brief， in a / one word， in general， as you know， as far as I know， on the whole， in all， above all， after all， in conclusion， generally speaking
三、在一篇书面表达中，如要表达相同意思时，务必要用不同的词、短语或者句型
如：have no choice but to do=cant help but do; belong to the club=be a member / one of the members of the club; cant be accepted=is unacceptable; object to=was opposed to=oppose=be in opposition to; miss homeland and familyhomesick; didnt reply to=made no reply to=said nothing in reply to; accuse sb. of=charge sb. with; accompany sb.=keep sb. company; supportin favour of=subscribe to=approve of; benefit=be beneficial to=be of benefit to; decide to do=be determined to do=be bent on doing; be bored with=be tired of=be fed up with; make up for=compensate for; compared to / with=in comparison with; congratulate sb. on sth.=express / show congratulations to sb. on sth.; consist of=be composed of=be made up of; as a result=in consequence; tell the difference between... and...=tell / distinguish... from...=tell... apart=make the distinction between... and...; face sth.=be faced with sth.; be better than=be superior to; be good for=do good to; be proud of=take pride in; delay=put off=postpone; take part in=join in=participate in; be worth doing=be worthy of being done / to be done=doing sth. is worthwhile; tend to do=have a tendency to do
（作者：吴涛，南京市第三高级中学）