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经济学类论文英语摘要的对比研究

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摘要:本文采取体裁分析的方法,对比研究了经济学类英语论文摘要的宏观结构。为此目的,本文建立了一个80篇英语要的语料库,摘要来自于中美两本权威经济学期刊《经济学季刊》(China Economic Quarterly)和Quarterly Journal of Economics。研究结果表明,两本期刊的英语摘要的宏观结构存在显著差异。本研究的意义在于在一定程度上揭示了英语学术语篇宏观结构的跨文化差异性,并为英语非母语的论文撰写者提供参考。

Abstract: This article compares English-language research article abstracts from the economics in an attempt to understand the different rhetorical organizations used by native and non-native writers. The corpus consists of 40 abstracts published in 2008 from two economics journals: Jingjixue Jikan, edited and published in China and Quarterly Journal of Economics, an international journal, respectively. The rhetorical structure differences emerged in terms of the frequencies of the units, the sentence length, and the lexical bundles. The result shows potential for the teaching of ESL writing in academic setting.

关键词:英语论文摘要;跨文化;体裁分析;经济学

Key words: research article abstracts;cross-cultural;genre analysis;economics

中图分类号:H030 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1006-4311(2011)24-0177-02

0引言

学术论文摘要是学术论文的重要组成部分,关系到文章的录用与否、信息检索以及同行之间的知识交流和传播。同时,许多国际著名期刊都接受英语写作的文章,因此,学术论文英语摘要对于研究者显得尤为重要。然而,论文摘要作为一种体裁形式,有其自身的篇章结构和语言特征。英语论文摘要的跨文化和跨学科特征日益受到应用语言学界特别是专门用途英语研究学者和教师的关注。本文通过自建的80篇经济学类英语学术论文摘要语料库,采用体裁分析的理论,对比分析了中美两本经济学期刊摘要在跨文化视角下的宏观结构特征,丰富了体裁分析的实证研究,同时以期为专门用途英语教学提供依据。

1研究背景

自从John Swales将体裁这一概念作为学术语篇分析的工具,体裁分析法就受到应用语言学界以及EAP和ESP教师和研究者的广泛应用(Brett,1994;Holmes,1997;Nowgu,1997;Posteguillo,1999; Swales,1990)。近年来,由于摘要体裁所扮演的重要角色,对于摘要的研究就引起了学界越来越浓厚的兴趣。其中,关于特定领域中的摘要的重要研究有Salag-Meyer (1992;1994)对于医学摘要的研究,Gibson(1993)对于信息与图书馆科学领域论文摘要的研究,以及Santos(1996)对于语言学类论文摘要的研究。另外,还有部分研究涉及到跨领域的研究,如Hyland(2000)研究了1997年8个不同领域论文的800篇摘要,Samraj(2002)研究了野生动物行为领域论文和生物保护学领域的论文摘要,以及Dahl(2004)研究了经济学和语言学领域的摘要的个人与宣传特征。值得一提的是少数关于摘要的跨文化对比研究。例如,Martin(2003)研究了英语和西班牙语的社会科学实证研究论文摘要,Bonn & Swales(2007)研究了英语和法语的语言学类的论文摘要。鉴于此,本研究对比分析跨文化视角下经济学类英语论文摘要其宏观结构的特征。

2研究方法

摘要的宏观结构可以分为两类:IMRD结构(Introduction-Method-Result-Discussion),多用于报道性摘要(Informative abstracts)中;CARS模式(Create a Research Space),多用于指示性摘要(Indicative abstracts)中(任再新和马静,2008)。本文对于摘要宏观结构的分析采取的是前者。但是,本研究基于前人对于摘要的宏观结构分类,发现经济学论文摘要的最后一部分应当称为Conclusion(表1)。本研究的语料来自于2008年发表的中美两本经济学权威期刊论文摘要各40篇。这两本期刊名为:经济学季刊(CEQ)和Quarterly Journal of Economics。语料的选取充分考虑到可比性原则的诸因素如时间,体裁,语言等等。

3研究结果

摘要的基本数据特征(表2)显示中国学者的英文摘要总字数和平均字数偏少;句子个数和平均每句字数也同样少于国外同行。进一步的研究表明(表3)英语摘要在两本期刊中出现最多的两个部分是Introduction和Result,这也符合国内期刊(CEQ)的基本数据特征,即平均句子数为两个。虽然国外同行会省略如Method部分,但是国内学者则更甚,会略去Method和Conclusion两个部分。这一现象与我们的观察(表4)高度吻合。美国期刊(QJE)的摘要通常会以完整的IMRD结构出现,而国内期刊(CEQ)出现两个和三个部分的摘要占所选摘要的大多数。

此研究结果表明,国内学者的英语摘要在宏观结构的安排上受到了本族文化的影响。表现在,中国学者会将两个部分混在一个英语句子中表达,使得摘要的句数偏少。例如:

Using a firm-level data set for 1998 and 2005 including all of China's "above designated size" enterprises that together account for more than 85 percent of China's industrial output, this paper investigates three issues.

Based on the theory of entrepreneurship derived from the Austrian School, this paper connects the creation of entrepreneurs to the contracts that entrepreneurs obtain in the production process and studies how these contracts affect economic growth.

不注重英语科研论文的逻辑性,省略重要的摘要组成部分如Method部分等。例如:

We establish five facts about prices in the U.S. economy: (1) For consumer prices, the median frequency of nonsale price change is roughly half of what it is including sales (9-12% per month versus 19-20% per month for identical items; 11-13% per month versus 21-22% per month including product substitutions). The median frequency of price change for finished-goods producer prices is comparable to that of consumer prices excluding sales. (2) One-third of nonsale price changes are price decreases. (3) The frequency of price increases covaries strongly with inflation, whereas the frequency of price decreases and the size of price increases and price decreases do not. (4) The frequency of price change is highly seasonal: it is highest in the first quarter and then declines. (5) We find no evidence of upward-sloping hazard functions of price changes for individual products. We show that the first, second, and third facts are consistent with a benchmark menu-cost model, whereas the fourth and fifth facts are not.

4结论

本研究通过对比分析中美经济学期刊英语论文摘要的宏观结构,发现了两类摘要存在显著差异。这种差异是受到各自的社会文化因素的影响。本研究的意义在于为中国学者撰写英语摘要提供参考,并为英语写作教学提供一些依据,同时,丰富了体裁分析的研究内容。

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