Ecological Safety
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Introduction
With the ever-growing of industrial production， energy production， farming and maintaining services， human activities which are hard to control have begun to cause irreversible changes to the environment， and we are in a dangerous moment. For the sake of our future generations， it is urgent to solve the problem of ecological security. Ecological security is the basic condition to guarantee the life quality of us as well as our descendants.
Ecological policies， in the modern sense， are no longer just about various measures for environmental protection or the rational utilization of natural resources. Today's ecological policies are comprehensive measures to be used to ensure our normal life activities and to safeguard the ecological safety of everyone.
Ecological policies are the tools of science， technology and innovation policies， and are the way to solve problems of today's social problems. The development of innovative economy and getting rid of the dependence on resources will guarantee the new quality of life and well-being of human-beings.
Green Technology
Nowadays， innovation decision in the field of ecology， the protection of natural resources， alternative energies， energy-saving technologies， and re-utilization and handling of all kinds of garbage are all in the same concept of "green technology". With the continuous decrease of the earth's drinking water， fertile soil and clean air， green technologies catch more and more attention. And we also know that the annual decrease of mineral resources makes the search for alternative energy become a tough question.
Just as earlier information technology， green technology is currently in the early stage of development. It’s expected that， like information technology innovation， green technology will change the economic structure in terms of scale and influence， and will actively come into our life.
Green technology aims at nature protection， and prevents human beings from damaging their only habitat on a daily basis. But unfortunately， green technology guides only initiatives of science and technology， such as the reutilization and processing of garbage， sewage treatment， energy conservation， air quality detection， environmental protection and renewable energies （solar and wind power）.
Objectively， human beings must work out innovative and new technology solutions in areas including energy， automotive industry， national construction， agriculture， making these areas conducive not only to a particular enterprise's business development and interests， but also to ecological protection. The search for the plans should be through the joint efforts of the world， because we have only one earth.
Basic direction of initiatives of ecological science and technology：
- Sustainable development： meeting the needs of modern society without causing problems for the future generations， namely problems related to natural resources （oil， coal， mineral， water， energy， arable land， etc.）；
- Producing products which can be reused or recycled；
- Changing production modes and the consumption structure， reducing garbage and environmental pollution；
- Innovating and developing alternative technologies to upgrade technologies detrimental to residents' health and the environment， such as mining raw mineral materials （oil， coal）， or chemical pesticides in agriculture；
- Life security. Forming new nucleus of economic development on the basis of new technologies and products to bring positive influence to the environment， promote the widespread of new technologies， create new types of jobs and protect the earth in real terms.
Ecological and innovative technologies should be applied in the following fields in order to develop green technologies：
- Alternative energy sources， including raw materials， new energy technologies for production， energy efficiency and security. Electricity production is one of the most important sources for the current atmospheric emissions， even more than the traffic pollution；
- Green buildings， ranging from the selection of building materials for ecological security to the choice of sites；
- Green chemistry. Reducing or even eliminating the generation of hazardous chemical substances in the invention and design process and in chemical processes；
- Green Nano technology. Producing on the basis of Nano and under the principle of green chemistry and green building materials；
- Ecological cleaning products， whose material composition and production methods can minimize adverse effects on the environment.
Along with green technologies， other concepts such as green investment， green schools， green cities and green economy have gradually come into the modern life. By contrast， the concept of green cities has just come into being， which holds that only cities can save the earth， as it is big cities that cause utmost pollution to the environment such as constant traffic jams in the city， garbage accumulation， energy consumption， pressure on land， noise and atmospheric emissions.
Critical Direction
Clean Water
During the recent 100 years， the use of water has increased by seven times， whereas global population only increased by three times， and the use of residents' drinking water is still rising. Predicted result is also quite disturbing in 30 or 40 years’ time， the global freshwater reserves will be exhausted. Currently about 1.1 billion people can't get access to clean drinking water. One out of every ten people lives in areas suffering an acute shortage of water. According to forecast， by the time of 2025， this figure will rise to 5.5 billion， namely， two-thirds of the world's population. Because of the seriousness of water pollution， fresh water will soon become a scarce resource.
The key factor affecting human health and longevity now is the drinking of low-quality water. About 50% of bottled water sold in shop does not conform to the standard index system and that of standard tap water is even less. As a result， the water systems from the sources to residential areas are completely unqualified for transporting drink water.
Two main initiatives of science and technology exist in the field：
1） Protecting， recovering and managing water resources
2） Designing and producing highly-effective water-processing projects， including sewage utilization and treatment.
The production technologies of the heating and purification of water in producing refrigerators， air-conditioners and so on should be reviewed， and initiatives of science and technology are in urgent need to further reduce negative effects. Innovative technologies in this field include：
- Washing machines without using water
- Solar water heaters
- Hot water circulation solar collection-shoe gears
Clean Air
As is shown in the basic air quality indexes （contents of nitrogen dioxide， lead， carbon monoxide and ground-level ozone and solid matter）， air quality in Russian and other Eurasian countries dropped almost every year. Economic development goes along with the deterioration of ecological conditions， hence it is need to strengthen project decision-making and reduce emissions into the atmosphere.
The main goals of initiatives of science and technology in this field are to improve the ecological security level， and promote clean emissions by means of new technology， and deep processing of raw materials industry， including：
- Production of low-sulfur petroleum products （sulfur dioxide - one of the important indexes of air pollution）.
- Deep processing of forestry products
- Improving the efficiency of gasoline additives （increase octane number）；
- The transformation of internal combustion engines （hydrogen engine， electro cars， etc.）.
Global warming and ozone depletion are fatal problems for every country. And innovative directions for development in this field include：
- High boiling-point clean and ecological refrigerants harmless to ozone；
- The earth low-temperature coolant in cooling equipments
- The replacement of fluorine in air conditioners， household and industrial refrigerators which is detrimental to ecological security.
Resource Saving
Scientific initiatives to safeguard technological resources conservation including：
- Energy-saving technology；
- Alternative energy sources；
- Biological energies （ethanol， fuel， micro pill for home heating， etc.）；
- Using the production waste of silicon （used in microwave electronics and optical instruments） in fertilizer production；
Conclusion
Our perception of the world is ever-changing. In the past， we thought that the world was big enough and had many places to pile up garbage. Now we realize the necessity of forming a whole ecological system. A company cannot create all the green products. The power of a city is too little to create the green environment. Likewise， efforts of just two or three countries cannot give us a green world. What we need is a green supply chain and we are faced with a huge transformation process. Therefore， we should change the society as a whole step by step， let everyone be involved， and realize scientific initiatives in every field.