惠民泥塑 第3期

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山东省惠民县皂户李乡的河南张村，因地处县城西南约15华里的沙河南岸而得名。河南张，村子不大却人气很旺。因为这个村做的“泥娃娃”独具特色，不但在本地有名，还漂洋过海到了美国、日本、韩国、加拿大等地，现在人们更习惯称该村为“娃娃张”。

说起泥娃娃的来源，还得讲几段美丽的传说。

相传过去河南张村有一中年妇女，久婚未育，几经改嫁，均因无子而倍遭婆家冷落和白眼。每年农历二月初二，她都到10华里外的“皇姑庙”烧香拜佛。有一年，急于求子的她将寺庙里的一个泥娃娃抱回家中，不久便有了身孕。又传，本村一商贩，生意场上总处于下风，却找不到其中的原因。一日，他窥见一同行家中供有一高约4寸的泥人“不倒翁”，便悟出了其中的奥秘，专门请人给他做了一只高12寸的泥人“不倒翁”，象征着在生意场上永远立于不败之地。此后，他的生意居然蒸蒸日上。

据说村里做泥人的历史已有200多年，品种有梁祝、牛郎织女、白蛇传、三打白骨精、七品芝麻官、关公等80多个。现在村里有18户人家做泥人。60岁的张炳敖头脑很灵活，且深得祖上真传，并将一些现代人的审美眼光和思想融进这古老的技艺，使其内容和内涵更加丰富，因此他制作的泥人特别抢手。

惠民泥人其实就是不倒翁，村里人叫做“扳不倒”，附近村民在庙会上买回去图个吉利。泥人制作既是个手艺活，更是个工夫活：做泥人要用“狗头”淤泥（深埋于地下的大块淤泥，晒干后状如狗头），最好是黄河淤泥。淤泥运到家后先风化一两年再掺入棉絮和面浆使用。泥人的制作有捣泥、制作底座、糊纸、上泥浆、擦粉、上色、开眼等十来道工序。仅头发上色就要上9遍；一个泥人身上可画10多种花，至于画什么全由匠人心里想出，想到啥画啥，没有定规；开眼是最难的一道工序，开好了泥人“精神焕发”，开坏了则“黯然失色”。

Henanzhang Village of Zaohuli Town is a small village in Huimin County, Shandong Province. Small in size, it is famous throughout China for its clay figure art. The clay figures produced in this village are not only famous locally, but have also gained fame and fans in Canada, Japan, South Korea, and the United States.

The clay figures of Huimin are of the “roly-poly,” “fat & happy” sort, which can be bought at temple markets for good luck. To make clay figures, one needs the proper clay, fine art techniques, and time. First of all, the deep underground silt from the Yellow River is necessary. After dying in the air for one or two years, it is then mixed with cotton fiber and flour paste and can be used to produce clay figures.

The complete process of creation requires more than ten different procedures, such as mixing clay, making standing, sticking paper, pasting mud, pasting powder, drawing the eyes, and painting in colors. Many kinds of pictures can be drawn on the clay figures, so each craftsman can draw whatever he wants on the figure, which leads to a variety of personal styles. Drawing eyes is the most difficult procedure, for if the eyes are drawn well, the clay figure looks very moving and lively, but otherwise might look sad, confused, or dispirited.