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精索静脉曲张与男性不育的研究进展

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[摘要] 精索静脉曲张(VC)是比较常见的男性泌尿生殖系统疾病,也是导致男性不育的重要原因。目前,关于VC和男性不育机制的联系已进行了大量临床及实验研究,但其机制仍未完全阐明,可能与微循环、血管活性物质、氧化应激、一氧化氮、缺氧、免疫及凋亡等多种途径共同作用有关。本文介绍VC所致男性不育的机制。

[关键词] 精索静脉曲张;男性不育;研究进展;机制

[中图分类号] R697.24 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)05(a)-0038-04

Research progress of varicocele and male infertility

NING Jinzhuo CHENG Fan YU Weimin RAO Ting RUAN Yuan

Department of Urology Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430000, China

[Abstract] Varicocele (VC) is a common disease of male urogenital system, and it is an important factor resulting in male infertility. At present, although numerous clinical and experimental studies have been carried out on the relationship between VC and male infertility, the pathogenesis is not fully clarified. It may be related to the combined action of multiple ways, such as microcirculation of the testis, vasoactive substance, oxidative stress, nitric oxide, hypoxia, immunology and apoptosis. This paper briefly introduces the pathogenesis of male infertility caused by VC.

[Key words] Varicocele; Male infertility; Research progress; Pathogenesis

精索静脉曲张(varicocele,VC)是指男性蔓状静脉和精索内静脉异常扩张、伸长和迂曲的病理现象,是青年男性泌尿外科中的常见疾病,通常以左侧多见,这主要由其生理解剖因素所决定,发病率约为15%[1]。近年来,男性不育症发病率逐步上升,已是影响男女双方和家庭关系的全球性问题,世界上几乎所有的国家和地区都认识到了男性生殖健康的重要性。在诊断明确的VC人群中,不育的发病率可高达35%,导致男性不育症的病因中居首位[1],可见VC与男性不育关系密切。随着两者之间关系研究的不断深入,各种学说不断出现,VC导致男性不育的机制仍未完全阐明,可能与微循环、血管活性物质、氧化应激、一氧化氮、缺氧、免疫及凋亡等因素有关,以下就其可能机制及研究进展作出探讨。

1 微循环障碍

人与其他哺乳动物的血管结构基本相同。动脉起自腹主动脉,部分分支走行于间质内,另一些分支沿表面行进,同时发出分支穿入实质内。微静脉相互汇合,向门方向聚集,最终汇入精索静脉[2]。微血管内皮细胞是微循环的结构基础[3],微循环的调节极为复杂,涉及各级血管[4]。微血管内持续而稳定的血流灌注对维持细胞正常生精功能及内环境稳定起着极为重要的作用[5]。VC出现精索静脉迂曲扩张,血液回流减缓,逆流热交换系统效率降低,局部温度升高,可影响生精过程的发生;同时,VC使静脉内压升高,小动脉、微动脉收缩,导致管壁增厚,管径变小,从而加重缺氧诱导的细胞损伤,影响产生,造成男性不育[6]。VC引起的微循环障碍可导致血流的重新分布,使发生明显病理生理改变,出现“斑点样”改变。Tarhan等[7]研究发现VC患者动脉血流量相比正常对照组明显减少,提示微循环障碍影响了生精功能,妨碍了的产生。

2 血管活性物质的毒性作用

VC时,由于精索内静脉回流不畅,来源于肾或肾上腺的代谢产物如5-羟色胺(5-HT)、前列腺素F2α(PGF2α)、类固醇激素、儿茶酚胺等反流到,极大地影响了的生精功能。VC时,5-HT随静脉血反流,破坏间质功能,从而影响生精功能[8];5-HT可改变内分泌功能,Bartoov等[9]发现VC时线粒体排列紊乱、形态及位置异常,干扰线粒体正常功能,致使功能发生障碍,影响活力;PGF2α也是一种血管收缩剂,内PGF2α的升高可能是病变本身产生,也可能是肾或肾上腺中的PGF2α反流所致[10];Abayasekara等[11]认为VC时PGF2α对有直接作用,使血供减少,破坏蔓状静脉丛的功能,造成生精异常;静脉反流的类固醇抑制正常的发生,可使慢性中毒,从而影响生精功能。

3 缺氧

VC时,精索静脉回流受阻,影响正常的血液循环,可使出现缺氧的状态,引起数量和质量的下降[12]。Kilinc等[13]研究表明VC可导致组织缺氧及相关的病理生理过程,从而影响的发生;Ozturk等[14]在大鼠VC模型组中发现组织缺氧指标明显增加。缺氧环境下,机体会做出相应代偿及改变,缺氧诱导因子(HIF)是组织缺氧时所产生的特异性因子,其含量与缺氧程度成正比。HIF-1α在缺氧条件下能够进入细胞核形成HIF-1,⒍靶基因血管内皮生长因子VEGF的转录,从而使组织细胞适应低氧环境[12]。Wang等[15]在大鼠VC模型中发现,中HIF-1α表达增加,一侧VC可引起另一侧缺氧,导致了双侧的生精细胞凋亡,表明HIF-1α在低氧条件下可促进细胞存活和凋亡,也是预测生殖细胞凋亡有用的因子[16],与细胞凋亡率增加有一定联系。

综上所述,对于VC与男性不育之间的关系,已进行大量临床及实验研究,深入到超微结构和分子水平。但VC致男性不育很可能是多种机制共同作用的结果,各机制相辅相成,相互联系,共同作用于机体,最终导致生精功能障碍。随着VC致男性不育机制研究的不断深入,无疑将为未来VC的治疗提供新的方向。

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(收稿日期:2016-12-02 本文辑:张瑜杰)