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共享,让生活更美好

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近赡昀矗街头巷尾出现了越来越多的“小黄车”“小橘车”以及其他品牌的共享单车,它们以迅猛之势占据了大街小巷,日益频繁地出现在我们的视野中。乘公共交通出行的你,往返公交站或地铁站还有一段距离,打车不划算,步行又似乎有点儿远。若是换在以前,你唯有选择奢侈打车或是苦苦步行,但共享单车却给了我们一个全新的选择。你只需就近找到一辆“小黄”“小橘”或是“小蓝”“小绿”,掏出手机扫码开锁,hop on,即可轻轻松松到达目的地。真可谓,“随时随地,想骑就骑”。

而在实际生活中,可以共享的也并不只限于单车。共享汽车、共享住房、共享办公区域……这种以资源共享为最大特点的经济在给创业者们带来财富和机遇的同时,更给人们的生活带来了越来越多的便利,甚至还让许多人梦想成真。当然啦,共享这件事也完全可以和钱没有半毛关系却同样令许多人受益,譬如本专题第三篇文章所介绍的免费小书屋(Little Free Library)就已传到了许多国家和地区,吸引了越来越多的人自发参与。

共享,就是这样,正在让我们的生活变得更美好!今天,你开始共享了吗?

The bike-sharing companies that are powering a transportation revolution in China's urban centers are not like those in the rest of the world. Their bikes have no docking1) ports or designated2) zones for parking. Instead, riders open their smartphone apps, hop on, and start pedaling.

That means China's major cities are full of thousands of colorful bikes: They are parked on sidewalks, tucked3) down alleyways4) (although non-public parking is prohibited), waiting outside metro stations and bus stops during the day, and resting outside housing complexes5) at night. Where there are people, there are bikes.

"I can find them everywhere I need them," said Zhang, 25, who manages a ramen6) restaurant in central Shanghai and has become a frequent user of Mobike. Using a smartphone app, Zhang can locate a bike via GPS, then scan its QR code7) to unlock it. He notes that using a bike-share platform has halved his commute8), from 40 minutes by subway to a 20-minute door-to-door bike ride.

"It saves money, too," said Zhang. "Before, it was always a struggle about whether I should take a taxi or not. Maybe it's not far enough to need to take a taxi, but it's not close enough to walk, either. Now the problem's solved."

Business Models:

Mobike and Ofo

In 2015, ofo, China's bike-share pioneer, launched its first fleet9) of bicycles in Beijing. The bikes' distinctive yellow frames were soon met by the orange-rimmed10), basket-equipped models launched by Mobike, ofo's main competitor today. In little over a year, the two companies have had a tremendous impact on revitalizing11) cycling in China, particularly among young people.

Ofo placed 1 million bicycles across 35 cities and registered 15 million users in its first years, while Mobike has now gained more than 10 million unique users and bicycles in 21 cities.

Inspired by their success, at least 10 other companies have jumped into the market, launching their own app-powered, vibrantly12) colored fleets in quick succession. But Mobike and ofo are far ahead of the pack13).

The two industry leaders each take a different approach to a similar concept. Mobike's list of co-founders includes former Uber14) general manager Davis Wang, now Mobike's CEO. Like Uber, the Mobike app uses GPS to display bikes' locations to users. They can use the map to reserve a bike and walk over to it. A scan of the bike's QR code unlocks the bike, and when users manually lock the bike at the end of their trip, the app registers15) the trip's end and the bike will pop back up on the map as available. Equipped with this wireless technology and other design features like a basket, orange rims and airless tires that can't be punctured16), Mobikes cost between 1,000 and 3,000 yuan. Rides cost 1 yuan for an hour or a half hour, depending on whether a user chooses a "Lite17)" or regular bike, and the deposit18) required to subscribe to the service is 299 yuan.

Ofo, meanwhile, is dedicated not just to producing its own bikes, which have slim yellow bodies and cost about 250 yuan, but also to connecting existing bikes to its network―a philosophy that harkens19) back to the company's formation. In early 2015, then applied economics graduate student Dai Wei, now ofo's CEO, called on fellow students at Peking University to volunteer their bikes (and let them be painted yellow) as part of a campus bike-share program. The 2,000 bikes volunteered were the first generation of ofo. Yet the majority of the company's bikes are currently ones that have been specially manufactured and fitted with their lock system. Unlike Mobike, ofo bikes themselves are offline; their locations are tracked through users' cell phones. Users find a free bike, enter the license plate20) number into their app, and receive the bike lock combination21). When they've reached their destination, they end the ride on the app and manually lock the bike. Rides cost 1 yuan for an hour and the deposit is 99 yuan.

The present impact of the bikes in China's urban centers is highly visible. In major cities like Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, Chengdu and Guangzhou, you can see bikes from these companies everywhere, and new bikes, either upgrades or forerunners22) from new brands, are regularly dropped off at street corners overnight. Riders can be found at all hours pushing pedals down bike lanes on larger roads or wandering along the quieter streets.

"It's a new thing, and we love new things, we're young people," said Shanghainese banker Zhang, 33, who tried the bike for the first time on a sunny day off in February.

2015年,中国共享单车领域的先驱ofo在北京投放了其第一批自行车,它们的车架是醒目的黄色。很快,这些车便遇上了摩拜单车推出的橙色轮毂、带车篮的车――摩拜单车如今可是ofo的主要竞争对手。在一年多一点的时间里,这两家公司就对重振中国的单车骑行产生了巨大的影响,尤其是在年轻人当中。

ofo头几年在35个城市投放了100万辆自行车,有1500万用户注册,而摩拜单车目前(编注:英文原文发表于2017年3月3日)已拥有超过1000万的独家用户,旗下自行车已进驻21个城市。

至少有十家其他公司被这两家公司的成功所鼓舞,它们纵身加入这个市场,一个接一个地推出了其各自基于app的、色彩鲜艳的自行车。不过,摩拜单车和ofo仍然遥遥领先于其他竞争对手。

这两家行业领军企业的理念相似,各自采用的模式却不同。摩拜单车的联合创始人名单中包括前优步上海总经理王晓峰,他现在是摩拜单车的首席执行官。和优步一样,摩拜单车的app通过GPS向用户显示自行车的位置。用户可用其单车分布地图预订一辆自行车,然后走过去取车。扫一下这辆自行车的二维码即可开锁,用户在行程结束后手动锁车时,app会显示行程结束,这辆车又会以空闲状态重新出现在地图上。摩拜单车配备了这种无线技术,还拥有其他的设计特色(比如篮、橙色轮毂和无需打气的防刺轮胎),单车造价1000~3000元。该单车的使用费为1元/小时或1元/半小时,取决于用户选择的是“轻骑版”还是“运动版”,另外,租车需交299元的押金。

ofo则不仅致力于生产自家的自行车(其黄色车体纤薄轻巧,造价约250元),还努力将现有自行车纳入到其自行车网之中,而这正是该公司成立之初的理念。2015年初,当时还是北京大学应用经济学研究生的戴威(现为ofo首席执行官)号召北大的同学们将自己的自行车贡献出来(并同意将其涂成黄色),作为校园共享单车计划的一部分。当时贡献出来的这2000辆自行车便成为ofo的第一代单车。不过,目前该公司的大多数自行车都是配备其车锁系统的专门定制款。与摩拜单车不同,ofo单车本身并不联网,其位置需要通过用户的手机来追踪。用户找到一辆空闲的ofo单车后,在app中输入车牌号码,就能收到这辆车的解锁密码。到达目的地后,用户需要在app上结束行程,并手动锁车。ofo单车的使用费为1元/小时,押金为99元。

目前,共享单车在中国城市中心的影响非常显著。在像上海、北京、深圳、成都、广州这样的大城市,你在哪里都能看到这些公司的单车。新的单车,无论是升级版还是新品牌的先行版,常常在一夜之间就被停在了街角。随时都能看到人们蹬着车行进在宽阔马路的自行车道上,或是沿着安静一些的街道骑车闲逛。

“这是一个新事物,我们喜欢新事物,我们是年轻人嘛。”银行职员、现年33岁的上海人小张说。2月一个晴朗的休息日,他第一次试骑了共享单车。

商业模式:

摩拜单车与ofo单车

一些共享单车公司正在中国的一个个城市中心掀起一场交通变革,它们与世界其他国家的共享单车公司不同,其共享单车没有车桩或是指定的停车区域。相反,用户打开自己的智能手机应用程序(以下称为app),跳上自行车,就可以开始骑行了。

这意味着中国的大城市到处都停着成千上万五颜六色的自行车。它们被停放在人行道上、塞在小巷子深处(尽管非公共区域禁止停车),白天候在地铁站外和公交站旁、晚上停在居民楼外。有人的地方,就有共享单车。

“需要骑车时,我在哪儿都能找着车。”25岁的小张说,他在上海市中心经营着一家拉面馆,经常使用摩拜单车。借助一款智能手机app,小张可以通过全球定位系统(以下称为GPS)找到一辆自行车,然后扫描这辆车的二维码开锁。他特别提到,使用共享单车平台使他在上下班路上的时间减少了一半:从单程坐地铁要40分钟减少到骑车20分钟,而且还能直接骑到门口。

“还省钱,”小张说,“以前,我总是纠结于自己要不要打车。可能路还没远到有必要打车,但步行的话又不算太近。现在这个问题解决了。”

1. dock [d?k] v. 停靠,停泊

2. designate [?dez?ne?t] vt. 指定

3. tuck [t?k] vt. 把……藏入;把……塞入

4. alleyway [??liwe?] n. 小巷,小街

5. complex [?k?mpleks] n. 综合楼群(由众多大楼或一座主楼和诸多辅楼组成)

6. ramen [?r?men] n. 拉面

7. QR code: 二维码

8. commute [k??mju?t] n. 上下班路程

9. fleet [fli?t] n. (属于同一机构的)车队

10. rimmed [r?md] adj. [常构成复合词]有边缘的;有边框的

11. revitalize [?ri??va?t?la?z] vt. 给……注入新的活力,使恢复生机

12. vibrantly [?va?br?ntli] adv. (色彩)鲜艳地;醒目地

13. pack [p?k] n. (统称)竞赛中的落后者

14. Uber: 优步,美国第一大打车平台、共享经济的领军式企业,总部位于旧金山,在全球528个城市提供打车服务。从2014年8月开始,优步亦开始向用户提供外卖预订及派送服务。

15. register [?red??st?(r)] vt. 记录;显示(读数)

16. puncture [?p??kt??(r)] vt. 刺破,戳破(车胎等)

17. Lite: 全称为Mobike Lite,指摩拜单车于2016年10月推出的“轻骑版”,与之前的“运动版”相比更加轻便实用。

18. deposit [d??p?z?t] n. (租用物品的)押金,保证金

19. harken [?h?k?n] vi. 倾听;聆听

20. plate [ple?t] n. (汽车等的)号码牌;牌照

21. combination [?k?mb??ne??n] n. (密码锁的)号码组合

22. forerunner [?f??r?n?(r)] n. 先驱,先导

The bike-sharing companies are developing a real community of loyal users. "Convenient" is the word most bike-sharing customers in Shanghai interviewed used to describe the new services. One important reason for that is that the ubiquitous23) bikes are uniquely suited to solve the "last mile" problem facing many commuters who use public transportation but need to walk for 10 or 15 minutes to get to their train or bus stop. With access to a bike at both ends of their commute, transit24) becomes much more efficient.

This was the case for 4 out of 10 riders surveyed in Shanghai on a recent weekend, each saying that the bikes saved them 5~10 minutes on at least one side of their commute via bus or train.

"When I get off the subway to go home, I will try to take a bike every time," said Sun, 20, a waiter. Sun says his workplace is a 40-minute subway ride, followed by a 10-minute walk from his home. Hopping on a bike at the end of a shift makes that last stretch25) a lot easier. "It's convenient for my every day, and I don't need to buy a bike for myself―I don't have space to park my own bike at home," he added.

23. ubiquitous [ju??b?kw?t?s] adj. 似乎o所不在的;普遍存在的

24. transit [?tr?nz?t] n. 交通运输系统

25. stretch [stret?] n. 一段距离(或路程)

这些共享单车公司正在培养名副其实的忠实用户群。“方便”一词是在上海接受采访的大多数共享单车用户对这一新服务的评价。之所以如此,一个重要原因便是很多乘坐公共交通的上班族都面临着“最后一公里”的问题,即需要步行10或15分钟才能到达地铁站或公交站,而无处不在的共享单车正是解决这个问题的不二法门。在上下班的路上,往返公交站或地铁站都能骑上自行车,这样通勤就变得更加高效了。

在最近的一个周末对上海共享单车用户所做的调查中,10个人里有4个人都是这种情况,他们都表示在自己乘公交或地铁通勤时,共享单车至少有一程帮他们节省了5~10分钟的时间。

“每次下了地铁往家走时,我都会尽量找辆单车骑。”现年20岁的服务员小孙说。他说下班回来需要坐40分钟的地铁,再从地铁站走10分钟才能到家。结束了一个班次的工作后骑上一辆自行车,这最后一段路就变得轻松多了。“共享单车方便了我每天的生活,而且我也不必给自己买一辆自行车――我家没地儿放自己的自行车。”他补充说。