在山东过大年

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春节是什么?春节是中华民族一年之中最为隆重的节日,是老百姓对来年幸福生活的期盼,是在外游子归来团圆的锚地。一进腊月,浓浓的年味就开始在齐鲁大地聚集和弥漫,从胶东的渔家到鲁西南的小山村,家家户户都在忙年,都要过出最富地方特色的一个“年”!

胶东饽饽辞旧岁

尽管山东每个地方过年的习俗都不一样,但胶东的过年是大家公认最富有特色、最热闹的。以至于每年临近春节,原本就拥堵的济青高速公路塞进去更多的私家车,越来越多的城里人开始去胶东亲朋好友家过年,寻找一下渐行渐远的“年味”。“过年团”带去的是满满的年货,收获的是回味无穷的记忆。

“二十三,辞灶天;二十四,拉大字;二十五,做豆腐;二十六,割年肉;二十七,宰公鸡;二十八,把面发;二十九,全都有;三十下黑儿满街走。”

这是自打老辈就流传下来的对于过年一句顺口溜,它概述了人们年前需做的准备工作,一代代流传至今。不知过年该忙些什么的城里人,看看这张“日程表”便可知胶东人家的忙年是多么的充实了。

农历腊月二十三,俗称小年。这一天是除夕夜前最为重要的一个节日,家家要“送灶王爷上西天”,俗称“辞灶”。瓜果贡品自是必不可少,而那句“灶王爷爷上西天,上天言好事,下界保平安”的口诀同样如芝麻开门一般尽人皆知。恭敬有加只为灶王爷上天述职之时多在众神面前说说这家人的好话,来年保佑全家人平安幸福。

过了腊月二十三,送走家庭守护神之后,打扫屋舍庭院、贴春联、拉大字等等一系列忙年活动便忙碌而有序地开始了。胶东的忙年特色重点在一个“食”上,其第一美食首推胶东大饽饽。 在胶东,过年最有年味的莫过于吃那白白胖胖的大饽饽,过大年,蒸饽饽,期盼来年的日子蒸蒸向上、红红火火。大饽饽是用最精的白面,加上鸡蛋和糖,放上最好的引子,配上巧妇的精湛手艺制作而成的。据说最大的饽饽,一锅只能蒸一个,被称之为饽饽中的巨无霸,最小的饽饽常被孩子们捧在掌心拿来当点心吃。现如今,传统的胶东大饽饽早已走出胶东渔村,成为山东人春节赠礼的首选。除了大饽饽之外,肉皮冻、“隔年炖菜”、胶东豆腐等都是胶东人家过年时最富特色的招牌菜品。

啃着咧开了口的胶东大饽饽,灶台上炖着香喷喷的合菜,放最响的鞭炮、玩最亮的花灯,在胶东过年就是这么爽。

“周村芯子”迎新春

与胶东过年重在饮食不同,鲁中地区的人们心思都在一个“玩”上。刚过年初一,大家在家里就呆不住了,因为他们过年的重头戏――扮玩大戏才刚刚开始。敲响了锣鼓,踩高跷、舞狮子,平日里朴素的农家人穿上了最花哨、最艳丽的戏服,把丰收的喜悦带给众乡亲。在扮玩系列当中,“周村芯子”是鲁中地区春节扮玩中一种奇特的民间艺术形式。

从每年正月十三开始,芯子将会在周村上演三天。周村芯子实际上是由16人轮流抬着的一架装饰好的舞台,上面有化妆的演员造型和表演。根据演员多少有单人芯子,双人芯子、多人芯子等。表演以戏剧故事、民间传说为主要内容,如《八仙过海》、《贵妃醉酒》等,小演员们艺高人胆大,浓妆艳抹,站在高高的空中表演,十分惊险生动。芯子队伍出动时,周村大街小巷人潮涌动,观者人山人海,鼓乐喧天,彩旗飞舞,壮观绝伦,为鲁中地区过年期间一大盛事。如今的周村芯子已经入选“中国非物质文化遗产”,吸引着越来越多的海内外宾朋在春节期间前往观看。

鲁中的农家过年时必定要挂一幅新年画,而位列中国民间三大木版年画之一的潍坊杨家埠木版年画成为人们过年时必不可少的一样“年货”。杨家埠木版年画题材广泛,表现内容丰富多彩,其构图完整匀称,造型粗壮朴实,线条简练流畅。根据农民点缀生活环境的实际需要,主要有大门画、房门画、福字灯、美人条等,具有浓厚的民间风味、乡土气息和节日氛围。再简陋的农舍,一幅祈福迎祥、欢乐吉祥的杨家埠年画往墙上一挂,浓浓的年味立马喷涌而出。

礼仪大家礼仪忙

如果在山东曲阜过年,衍圣公府的春节庆典则不可不看,持续的时间也是全年节庆中最长的。孔府的春节从腊月初一开始做过年准备,直至正月十五灯节过完,才算结束。在许多种活动中,磕辞岁头、拜家庙、拜祠堂、拜佛堂、拜观音菩萨、拜天地神、祭孔庙等不可少的礼仪占有很重要的位置,“不学礼,无以立”的圣人教诲得以发扬光大。腊月十五,孔府在前堂楼院内就搭起“天地楼”供各种神位,还立起“朝天竿”用以过年时点“朝天灯”。“朝天竿”高三丈、红漆杆,杆顶挂红灯笼,内放一支一斤重的大红腊烛,每天点着,用滑车拉上去,一直点到正月十五元宵。临近三十,孔府忙年活动中最热闹的场面“蒸壮”就出现了,“蒸壮”就是为过年蒸各种馒头、饺子、糕饼。这时“烧火户”又来烧火,蒸各式各样的馒头。其后的辞岁、拜年、祭孔等等一系列活动过程极为隆重而考究,无不体现礼仪大家的风范。

有句俗话说得好:“十里不同俗,百里改规矩”,山东各地的过年习俗都有各自独特的文化韵味。临清初一拜年,男子与已婚妇女参加,男女分开,拜过自家长辈,再拜族内各长辈,此谓“合族拜年”,之后,由族长率领到各庙宇、异姓祠堂内敬拜神位,此谓“拜庄乡年”,最后,村长指挥全村人于村中十字路口互拜,此则谓“拜团结年”。郓城等地有“春节五更乞长”的习俗,儿童起床后一声不响,先去紧紧抱住椿树,同时唱“椿树椿树王,你长粗来我长长,你长粗了做材料,俺长长了穿衣裳”,龙口的儿童则是在门前打几个秋千,其实都是意在期盼儿童茁壮成长。高密在年初三之前兴吃素馅水饺,大概的意思是盼望来年全家都素素静静、平平安安。

从腊月到正月,齐鲁大地处处涌动着古朴而醇香的年味,过年就是辛劳一年的人们收获亲情的时刻,就是忙碌了一年的人们放飞心情的节日。想过一个最热闹的春节吗?到山东的乡村村来看看吧!

Celebrating the Spring Festival in Shandong

Spring Festival is the most ceremonious festival for the Chinese nation. When time gets to the twelfth month of the lunar year, the strong New Year atmosphere starts to gather and spread in the vast land of Shandong. From the fishing families in Jiaodong to the small mountain villages in southwest Shandong, all families are busy preparing for the New Year celebrations with their own local characteristics.

The New Year celebration customs in the regions of Shandong differ from each other. However, the New Year celebration in Jiaodong is acknowledged as the most characteristic and most bustling. Eating the Jiaodong steamed bread, tasting the delicious stewed dishes, setting off the firecrackers and playing with the beautiful lanterns, one will feel quite cool celebrating the Spring Festival in Jiaodong.

Unlike the Jiaodog people who lay stress on eating during the Spring Festival period, the people of central Shandong concentrate on “playing.” On the first day of the first month of the lunar year, people will not stay in their homes, since their celebration activities have just begun. Beating gongs and drum, walking on stilts, lion dancing, and wearing beautiful clothes, all these produce gala performances for the people. Among the recreation programs, the “Zhoucun Xinzi” is a kind of unique folk art popular in the central Shandong region during the Spring Festival period. Moreover, during the New Year celebration period, every family in the central Shandong region keeps the tradition of hanging a New Year painting on the wall of their homes. Therefore, the Yangjiabu wood New Year pictures, which are one of the three kinds of folk wood New Year pictures in China, are an indispensible New Year purchase for people of central Shandong. If you enjoy your New Year celebration in Qufu, you should not miss the Spring Festival celebration held at the Mansion of Duke Yansheng. The Spring Festival preparation for the Confucian Mansion starts on the first day of the twelfth month of the lunar year and will not end until the lantern festival on the fifteenth day of the first month of the lunar year.

From the twelfth month of the lunar year to the first month of the next year, the land of Shandong swarms with the jubilant atmosphere of New Year celebration. The moment to celebrate the coming of the New Year is the time for people to have their happy mood released. If you want to celebrate a bustling Spring Festival, please come to the countryside in Shandong during that time.