探中国古典家具中的“佛”与“禅”

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Agent in the Chinese classic furniture "Buddha" and "zen"

RongShuYun 1, LiYu 2

(* shenyang university of architecture, design art institute, liaoning, shenyang, 110168)

Pick to: since the eastern han dynasty period, Buddhism was introduced into China, and China's political, economic, music, culture, thoughts and brought new inspiration, especially furniture, China furniture in the buddhist east gradually influence, constantly development, make people sit in history happened to change. At the same time, buddhist, in China the furniture stylist to inject fresh creativity. Thus, the development of China furniture produced not underestimate role. This paper focus on the analysis of the northern and southern dynasties and tang dynasty back more than eight hundred years of history of Chinese furniture, the paper summarizes the Buddhism culture of Chinese classical furniture should not be neglected in the development and evolution of the influence.

Keywords: Buddhism; Furniture; Hu bed; Stool; pier

0 introduction

If the deep understanding of the buddhist culture, it's hard to imagine to Buddhism between China furniture with what the origin. Little imagine we use today many of furniture, all is born because of Buddhism. In the eastern han dynasty about yongping ten years (in 67), the tianzhu countries Buddhism was introduced into China (India), and rapidly permeate all aspects of social life, not only affects people's way of thinking, has changed the people of many aspects, such as the basic necessities. Likewise, Buddhism of Chinese classical furniture also had a tremendous impact, and even this effect until now.

In fact, Buddhism entering China is not easy, but in the conflicts between Chinese culture and, mutual penetration and mutual fusion eight hundred years of growing up. From the northern and southern dynasties to a eastern han dynasty, four hundred years building booms, cut mosque-building grotto, shaping figure of Buddha paint murals, a large number of tianzhu type furniture also in junior high in China, and the Chinese nation "XiDeErZuo" living way to suffer severe impact; Two of the northern and southern dynasties from late in the early tang dynasty "rosperity of zhenguan cure", the four hundred in the country, opening, the ruling class actively advocate, buddhist culture rapidly permeate people life, Buddhism high in type furniture also is widely accepted. Introduce the influence of Chinese furniture to Buddhism.

1 in the northern and southern dynasties of furniture "FoYing"

This period coincides social unrest, years of war, people in extreme pain, common in the search for relief of mind, and the zen Buddhism, just to suffering all points out a way out. So, in Buddhism and southern and northern dynasties period, the full development. Therefore, daxing cut mosque-building grotto, shaping figure of Buddha paint murals, as tang dynasty poet DuMu said: "in the temple, how many LouTai four hundred and eighty YanYu." At that time to the scene is true portraiture.

From the dunhuang mogao grottoes, yungang grottoes and longmen grottoes and grottoes murals and grave fresco can be summarized in the "Buddha" and "Buddha" brings the exile high ZuoJu type: string bed-chair, Buddha seat-mound, hu bed, square stool, etc. In the development of China furniture and daily life way of a massive role.

For example: string bed, namely the chair. Together with the Buddhism into Chinese. The first name in the tang dynasty chair, be in early actually when it appeared the northern and southern dynasties, by a brain, armrest, back of a chair, foot and chair a composition, including a chair with rope into mesh. This chair while not like modern chair, but its shape completely out of the age of the qin and han dynasties ZuoJu form. Below is the dunhuang mogao grottoes grotto fresco wei's chair, a bodhisattva pedal sit on the on the back of a chair, armrest, foot under the chair. In the history of literature in the records, when India monks sit this kind of mostly called "string bed" or "buddhist bed" chair. Chapter. FoTuCheng preach ":" do rope bed, and benzoin." This book of records that: the back of a chair, armrest is of high ZuoJu type-bed, bed, rope zen chair, is typical of the Indian monks ZuoJu. Therefore, rope, zen bed, bed chair, with the Buddha and bodhisattvas enter with han is also the facts.

(the 285 grotto dunhuang mogao grottoes in the murals wei chair)

Pier, namely a Buddha. It was introduced to China after I do in Rome as Rome does, modelling got greatly enriched. A square, round, YaoGu form; A triple, five heavy, seven heavy; Solid material also has hollow. Mr. WangShiXiang the "jin ash two pile of" introduction to a JiuTan type sit pier, open around the pervious to light; Adornment is a pot of door, has the dedication, lotus pattern; Though the form is varied, but still Indian gandhara style. Therefore, the pier and India "Buddha a" have the origin relations between quite deep.

(BeiZhou of bodhisattva sit pier) (southern and northern dynasties period of the pier)

2 the sui and tang dynasties time furniture of the "FoYing"

Later in the southern and northern dynasties to sui and tang dynasties generation of four hundred, is Buddhism in China the second high tide of development. This period because of the unity of the sui, especially in the early tang dynasty "rosperity of zhenguan cure", is up to the situation of the social prosperity. Because most of the tang dynasty emperor belief in Buddhism, Buddhism has been greatly at this time of development. Buddhist culture, so it has been widely spread. Buddhism in the prosperous grand tang dynasty imperial, and get the opportunity to spread your wings and fly vibration. But at this time of buddhist furniture from the elegant and simple buddhist tianzhu, throw the luxuriant and colorful garment, and in the datang very creative furniture division in the hand, develop into modelling dignified and vigorous, the adornment colorful richly, various forms.

For example: stool (from the four feet of the buddhist tianzhu square stool) in the tang dynasty not only get rid of the straight legs no hold first state, but also create many forms of square stool, bench, crescent stool. The dunhuang grotto fresco the Tan delay the mage meet at "in the square stool, seat surface although the form of the northern wei dynasty to keep square stool, but four legs short of elaborate changes. Two legs between the traditional pot of door form. A smooth curve, and then to accept for saw within feet. This style of later generations the development of stool has great influence in the tang and song dynasty paintings in the painting, all can find traces. In the tang dynasty and the crescent stool, and posture dignified and vigorous, the ornate, modelling is chic, with the tang dynasty the image of a great lady unity, this also is Buddhism and the combination of the tang dynasty culture. Crescent stool is a typical representative of the tang dynasty furniture style.

Chair of the northern wei dynasty period of the buddhist armchair-string bed, into the han, then spread han. Tang dynasty grave fresco high yuan inside the seat, the chair has a brain outlining the form, build the brain, armrest four head, on the legs of the chair and coarse, have heavy sense of stability. Dunhuang mogao grottoes grotto fresco bodhisattva of tang dynasty the interest of take a brain also form the arch, put the brain and the armrest and four head, on the legs of the chair is also fine thick below, with the high yuan of the tomb of is very similar to the chair. Thus, when the noble imitation of the buddhist furniture also is the fact.

3 in the design of modern furniture "buddhist trace"

"Zen is a light heart lights", "enlightened" health, "enlightened" love, "enlightened" beauty, more and more people from this one heart lights, discovered the truth. The modern metropolis, high frequency, full load way of life, make the person is devastated. In this increasingly busy life, people are longing for a can relax thoroughly space, with concise and pure spirit to adjust the conversion, which is controlled by people in the complementary consciousness, the resulting want to get rid of complex, to pursue simple and natural psychological, that is the present in the cause of the contracted creed design.

"Zen" ideas influenced the design concept of the current era, we often from today's interior design, environmental design, furniture design, product design find "zen" signs. The requirements of the household of modern people tend to be simple and do not break taste, design line is concise, simple sense is quaint, zen type furniture and decorate, has become more and more popular.

"FoYing zen trace" not only popular in China, also in east Asia, southeast Asia and other regions widely popular, especially Japan, his cultural background to "zen" as the center, the furniture of style in Japanese zen home in reflect more fully, the Japanese ChanJu to the understanding of the features of natural materials used roughly, using concise, silent, pure, composure tonal combination. 4 last word

Buddhist culture and Chinese culture of mutual infiltration and the evolution of Chinese furniture to design and produce a profound impact, zen is extensive and profound and deeply affect the literati zen state of spirit, in the modern furniture design of the expression and continue also show incisively and vividly. This has no intention of establish Buddhism what aesthetics, very few positive aesthetic issues with this, however, in the buddhist classics expounded the world outlook, the outlook on life, the universe, such as aesthetic view, not aware thoroughly shows rich aesthetic connotations. "Round phase" beauty and the perfect beauty; "YuanCheng" beautiful and "YuanHun" beautiful, pregnant with the shining aesthetic thought, but the thought builds a furniture design contains unique artistic style.

【 references 】

[1] the HuWenYan YuShuYan. Buddhism and the furniture. 1 edition. Hebei publishing house, 2002

[2] the QiZhiXiang. Buddhist aesthetics. 2 edition. Shanghai people's publishing house, 1997