浅谈过去分词作状语
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过去分词作状语通常表示被动的或已经完成的动作，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态。过去分词的逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且句子主语是过去分词动作的承受者。
一、句法功能
过去分词在句中可作时间状语，原因状语，让步状语，结果状语，方式状语和条件状语等。过去分词作状语不管放在句首或句末，一般是用逗号将其与主句隔开。
1. 作时间状语，通常在句首，但有时句末，有时置于主语和谓语之间。
Asked about his family， the young man made no answer.
The young man made no answer， asked about his family.
The young man， asked about his family， made no answer.
问到他的家庭，这个年轻人没有回答。
2. 作原因状语，一般置于句首，偶尔置于句末。
Having lived abroad for years， I am long to return.
在国外居住了几年，我渴望回国。
The child learns fast， well brought up by his parents.
受到父母的良好教育，这个小孩学得很快。
3. 作条件状语，常位于句首。
United， we stand； divided， we fail.
团结就是胜利，分裂必然失败。
4. 作伴随或方式状语，可位于句首、句中或句末。
The hunter walked slowly in the forest， followed by his wolf dog.
猎人在森林中慢慢地走，后面跟着他的狼狗。
5. 作让步状语，通常放在句首。
Although wounded all over， the brave soldiers continued to fight.
虽然全身受伤，这个勇敢的士兵继续战斗。
二、部分形容词化的过去分词
有些过去分词已经形容词化并且用于系表结构，此时这些过去分词既不表示被动也不表示完成，而是表示一种状态。这样的过去分词及过去分词短语常见的有：lost（迷路），seated（坐），hidden（躲），stationed（驻扎），lost/absorbed in（沉溺于），born（出身于），dressed in（穿着），tired of（感到厌倦）等，作状语时，通常不用其-ing形式。
Lost in the mountain for a week， we were finally saved by the local police.
在大山里迷失了一个星期，我们最终被当地警察所救。
三、过去分词作状语与现在分词作状语的区别
过去分词作状语时，句子的主语是过去分词所表示动作的承受者，它们之间的关系是被动关系；现在分词作状语时，句子的主语是现在分词所表示动作的执行者，它们之间的关系是主动关系。现在分词动作与谓语同时发生时用一般式doing， 如果现在分词的动作发生在谓语动词之前，表示主动就用having done， 表示被动则用having been done。
Walking along the street， I met a friend of mine.
沿着大街向前走时，我遇到我的一个朋友。
Having finished their work， they had a rest.
完成工作后，他们就休息了。
Seen in the distance， the city looks more attractive.
从远处看，这个城市更加迷人。
Seeing in the distance， we find the city more attractive.
从远处看，我们发现这个城市更加迷人。
四、连词+过去分词
过去分词时间状语、条件状语或让步状语时，为了明确其含义有时可在分词前加上when， while， until， once， if， though， unless， although等连词，这相当于状语从句的省略。
When asked about his family， he made no answer.
当问及家庭的时候，他没有回答。
Unless invited， I will not attend the party.
除非受到邀请，否则我将不参加聚会。
Once （it is） seen， it will not be forgotten.
只要看见就不会忘记。
但before， after一般不与过去分词连用，因为这两个词还可作介词，后接being done的形式。
Before being called， remain where you are.
在点名前，待在原地不动。
五、过去分词作状语与状语从句的转换
1. 过去分词作时间状语时，可转换为when， while或after等引导的时间状语从句。
Completed， the library will be open to the public next year. =When it is completed， the library will be open to the public.
图书馆完工后，将于明年向公众开放。
2. 过去分词作原因状语时，可转换为as， since或because等引导的原因状语从句。
Encouraged by the progress he has made， he works harder. =As he is encouraged by the progress he has made， he works harder.
由于受到所取得的成绩的鼓舞，他工作更加努力了。
3. 过去分词作条件状语时，可转换为if， once或
unless等引导的条件状语从句。
United， we will stand； divided， we will fail. = If we are united we will stand； if we are divided， we will fail.
团结就是胜利，分裂必然失败。
4. 过去分词作伴随状语时，一般转换为并列句。
Mr Li came in， followed by his wife. = Mr Li came in and he was followed by his wife.
李老师走进来，后面跟着他的妻子。
5. 过去分词作让步状语时，一般转换为although， though或even if等引导的让步状语从句。
Exhausted by the climb， we continued our journey. =Although we were exhausted by the climb， we continued our journey.
我们虽然爬得很累，但我们仍然继续我们的旅程。
6. 过去分词作方式状语时，如有连词as if就转换为as if引导的方式状语从句：若无连词，则转换为并列句。
The little girl began to cry as if bitten by a snake. =The little girl began to cry as if she was bitten by a snake.
小女孩大叫起来，好像被蛇咬了。
练习
1. __________twice， the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.
A. Being bitten B. Bitten
C. Having bitten D. To be bitten
2. __________ accoring to the directions， this kind of medicine has no side effect.
A. When taken B. When to take
C. When taking D. Taking
3. Our friendship is nothing __________ with yours.
A. to compare B. comparing
C. compared D. being compared
4. It is rather difficult to make friends with him， but his friends， __________ is more true than others.
A. after gaining B. when to gain
C. while gaining D. once gained
5. No one can walk the wire in the air without a bit of fear unless __________ very young.
A. having trained B. to be trained
C. trained D. being trained
6. __________ of stealing money from the bank， he was questioned by the police.
A. Accusing B. Having accused
C. To accuse D. Accused
7. __________ by his grandparents made Mike not used to living with his parents.
A. To bring up B. Being brought up
C. Brought up D. Bringing up
8. ― Who should be responsible for the accident？
― The boss， not the workers. They just carried out the order .
A. as told B. as are told
C. as telling D. as they told
9. __________ from the top of the tower， the south of the mountain is a sea of trees.
A. Having seen B. Seen
C. To see D. Seeing
10. __________ ， he continued to walk. （hesitate）
犹豫了一会，他又继续走了下去。
11.__________ ， she still accepted it without complaint. （disappoint）
尽管对结果失望，但她仍是毫无怨言地接受了它。
12. __________ ， he has to stay in bed. （wound）
他腿受了重伤，不得不躺在床上。
13. __________， they took a rest. （classify）
给书分类后，他们休息了一会。
参考答案
1～9 BACDCDBAB
10. Hesitating for a moment
11. Though disappointed at the result
12. Badly wounded in the leg
13. Having classified the books