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1. 动词―误用,考查时态是否一致、主谓是否一致
时态、语态错误是短文改错中必设的改错题。要检查文中的每一个谓语动词的时态、语态与上下文、语境以及该句的时间状语是否相符和一致;此外,还要检查该动词在人称和数上是否与主语保持了一致。
例如:① When I was a child,…I think I would be happy there. (NMET'2015全国卷I) ,think 应改为thought,前句是回忆童年的事情,因此应用一般过去时,把think改为thought.
②A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside a shop. (NMET'2015全国卷II) 此处and 连接的两个先后发生的动作在时态上应保持一致,故应把telling改为told。
主谓语一致的情况较为复杂,考生要留心归纳有些特殊句式的主谓一致问题,如倒装句、强调句型等。
2. 名词―误用,考查名词的单复数与修饰词语或上下文是否一致
在one of, different,various, several, many, a few,大于1的数词等之后,常用名词的复数,而不可数名词,如furniture, equipment, progress, information等,则不能用复数。
例如:① My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classroom were made from glass. (NMET' 2015浙江卷) 把side 改为sides,因为前面有three。
② The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. (NMET'2015全国卷I) airs 为不可数名词,因此把airs 改为 air。
3. 代词―误用、缺少或多余,考查是否人称一致、指代一致
对于短文中出现的每一个代词都要查一下它所指代的内容其数、格、词性是否正确和前后一致,包括人称代词、指示代词、反身代词、关系代词以及疑问代词等。
例如:① Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them. (NMET' 2015浙江卷) 把them给为it, 因为指代the school。
② We must find ways to protect your environment. (NMET'2015全国卷I) 本句的主语We,用了第一人称,因此把物主代词your 改为our。
4. 形容词/副词―形容词与副词的误用;形容词/副词的原级、比较级、最高级的误用
对于短文中出现的形容词或副词,考生要分析其在句中的作用。修饰名词要用形容词,而修饰形容词、副词、动词、放于句首修饰整个句子应该用副词;形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的误用。
例如:① Dad and I were terrible worried. (NMET'2015全国卷II) 修饰形容词应用副词,故terrible 改为terribly。
注意:以-ble结尾的形容词变副词为-bly。如possible-possibly, probable-probably, comfortable-comfortably, terrible-terribly 等等。
②My mum makes the better biscuits in the world...(NMET'2015陕西卷), 因后面有一范围in the world, 所以应用最高级,故better改为best。
5. 连词―误用 或多余
由not...but, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only ...but also..., as well as等并列连词和词组连接的结构可称为平行结构是否一致。定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句中,which, that, when, where等词混用。强调句型It is/was...that...结构中that 的正确使用。
例如:① In fact, I don’t like to go anymore, so I’m afraid I’ll lose their friendship. (NMET' 2015四川卷) 结合上下句,此处有转折关系,so应改为but。
②Have tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, that might not be served until 8 o’clock at night. (NMET'2014四川卷) that 不能引导非限制性定语从句,故把that 改为 which。
(作者单位:贵州省湄潭县求是高级中学)