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【摘要】 氨磷汀(Amifostine)是临床唯一应用的广谱放射治疗细胞保护剂。文章就氨磷汀在肿瘤放射治疗中的保护机制及临床应用的相关文献进行综述。
【关键词】 氨磷汀; 放射治疗; 肿瘤治疗
中图分类号 R730.55 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1674-6805(2013)32-0154-03
Amifostine in Cancer Radiotherapy Injury Research/SUN Xian-ge,HE Fen-jun.//Chinese and Foreign Medical Research,2013,11(32):154-155
【Abstract】 Amifostine is the only cytoprotective agent used in a broad range of clinical radiotherapy. In this paper, amifostine’s cytoprotective mechanisms in radiotherapy and its clinical application was reviewed.
【Key words】 Amifostine; Radiotherapy; Oncotherapy
First-author’s address:Zhuhai Sencand People’s Hospital,Zhuhai 570311,China
放射治疗是治疗肿瘤的重要方法,治疗的同时也损害了正常组织[1]。减轻放射治疗并发症是目前肿瘤放射治疗的研究热点[2]。氨磷汀可降低放疗毒性,不影响放疗对肿瘤治疗的效力[3-4],可提高患者对放疗的依从性[5]。氨磷汀是唯一应用于临床的肿瘤放射治疗保护剂[6-7]。
1 氨磷汀在肿瘤放射治疗中保护正常组织的机制
氨磷汀为半胱氨酸衍生物硫磷酸盐,在体内可被碱性磷酸酶水解脱磷酸变为活性代谢物――含自由巯基的WR-1065,发挥放疗保护作用[8]。肿瘤放射治疗会导致体内会产生过多的羟自由基、氧自由基等,这些自由基作用于细胞内的大分子DNA引起DNA断裂和细胞死亡。WR-1065分子氢键的断裂提供氢原子清除自由基,提高DNA修复率,从而促进分子的修复、减少DNA的破坏效应。WR-1065与DNA及白结合,减少了核小体的降解,使得放疗后正常组织的凋亡现象明显减少[9-10]。氨磷汀对γ-射线损坏的DNA有保护,氨磷汀有利于DNA双链断裂修复[11]。体外研究发现WR-1065的氧化会迅速的消耗培养基中的氧,氨磷汀导致细胞内的缺氧可能是其放射性保护的另一机制[12]。Glover等[13]发现静脉注射氨磷汀后静脉血的氧饱和度会迅速降低。Saavedra等[14]研究发现氨磷汀与外周淋巴细胞凋亡关系密切。Utley等[15]发现氨磷汀可在正常组织中维持长达60 min的高浓度,而在肿瘤组织中浓度很低。动物实验证实同位素标记的氨磷汀药物浓度在正常组织中的升高速度比在肿瘤组织中快得多,氨磷汀及其代谢产物进入肿瘤组织非常慢[16]。Lv等[17]体外实验发现氨磷汀降低新鲜的骨髓细胞的血浆IL-2水平,抑制免疫反应触发的放射毒性。Jaroslaw指出WR-1065对放射保护作用的机制很复杂,可能与它能够清除自由电子的能力有关,也可能与其降低内生的锰超氧化物歧化酶的蛋白含量及影响其活性有关[18]。
2 氨磷汀在肿瘤放射治疗中的应用研究
2.1 防护口腔干燥症
急性口腔干燥症是组织对放射毒性的急性反应,迟发性口腔干燥症是涎腺永久性的纤维化导致的[19]。氨磷汀在放疗前30 min注射到实验鼠下颌下腺区域。单纯放疗组腺泡细胞内较氨磷汀组有更多的纤维组织生成。放疗后120 min,单纯放疗组腺泡细胞分泌颗粒的速率较氨磷汀组低[20]。Joseph等[21]发现氨磷汀对高剂量(131I)放射损伤唾液酸有防护作用。Brizel等[22]研究发现,氨磷汀组患者Ⅱ度及Ⅱ度以上急性口干发生率从78%减至51%(P
2.2 防护放射性黏膜炎、皮肤炎
头颈部肿瘤放射治疗中黏膜炎的发生率为85%~100%[25]。Buntzel发现在未给予氨磷汀治疗的14例患者中,有12例患者出现Ⅲ度或Ⅳ度的黏膜炎;给予氨磷汀组14例患者中未出现黏膜炎病例(P
2.3 防护放射性骨损伤
Wong对初始鼠的颅骨进行分别给予氨磷汀和不用氨磷汀对成骨细胞进行一次或多次电离辐射干预。从细胞生长、酶联免疫吸附测定血管内皮生长因子、碱性磷酸酶的定量测定、早期骨的分化等多个角度进行研究发现,氨磷汀的应用对成骨细胞具有放疗损伤保护作用[31]。Tchanque-Fossuo等[32]在氨磷汀对放射治疗引起的鼠的下颌骨病理骨折愈合情况的研究中发现氨磷汀具有明显的和持久的保护和增强骨单元的能力。
2.4 氨磷汀在骨盆加速放疗辐射防护
Koukourakis M对采用大分割加速放疗盆腔癌采用氨磷汀每日剂量(0、500、750、1000 mg皮下注射)的354例患者进行分析,高剂量氨磷汀组毒性的发生率较对照组减少,实验发现使用氨磷汀可以保护盆腔组织[33]。Ozdemir等[34]实验发现,氨磷汀在放射性肠炎中有促进大鼠吻合口愈合的作用。Katsanos等[35]对接受骨盆根治性放疗的癌症患者的的探索性随机二期临床研究中证实,皮下注射氨磷汀可以降低急性严重放射性结肠炎。
2.5 防护放射性肝损伤
Feng等[36]对弥漫性肝癌行全肝放疗时静脉注射使用氨磷汀治疗的患者进行辐射剂量递增试验发现,用氨磷汀组放射剂量增加了(3.3±1.1)Gy,具有与对照组相似的放射损伤反应率。
2.6 氨磷汀对肺的放射损伤的防护
Koukourakis 等[37]对112例切除术后行放射治疗的患者给予基础的个体化剂量(500~1000 mg/d)皮下注射氨磷汀,发现氨磷汀可防止肺部及软组织纤维化、具有减少急性皮肤及肺部损伤及远期损伤的作用。
3 氨磷汀的使用方式
氨磷汀目前主要采用静脉注射及皮下注射两种方式。有开始研究具有口服活性的氨磷汀肠溶胶囊。目前动物实验发现微胶囊在小鼠组织中有活性代谢物WR-1065,氨磷汀微胶囊可以显著改善动物生存数量和时间。
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(收稿日期:2013-8-10) (编辑:连胜利)