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动词和动词短语是历年高考考查的一个重点,主要从词义人手,结合语境,考查动词和动词短语的词义、动词与介词或者副词构成的固定搭配。高考对动词和动词短语的考查主要出现在单项选择、语法填空及完形填空中。高考考查的动词和动词短语都是一些常见的词汇。考生应多从近几年的高考题中掌握那些出现频率高的动词和动词短语,并且注意每个动词和动词短语的常考词义。
一、动词考查热点
动词包括连系动词、及物动词和不及物动词、持续性动词与非持续性动词,是高考考查的重点,无论是在单项填空还是在完形填空等题型中,动词辨析的比重都很大,并有逐年增加的趋势。考查动词辨析时,一是四个选项在结构上都是很相近的动词,要做好这类试题,必须明确各个动词的词义和用法,然后根据题意需要选用合适的动词;二是不仅结构相同而且意义相近,即四个选项无论在意义上还是在结构上都是很相近的动词,面对这类试题,必须要从四个动词的语义差别、用法特点等人手才能选出符合题意的动词。
【典例l】-How did you like Nick’s perfor-mance last night?
-To be honest, his singing didn’t____to me much.
A,appeal
B.belong
C.refer
D.occur
解析:A。四个动词都可以接to,但意义不同。appeal to意为“吸引”.belong to意为“属于”;refer to意为“提到”;occur to意为“突然想到”。根据语境应该选择appeal to。
【典例2】The fact that she never apologized――a lot about what kind of person she is.
A.says
B.talks
C.appears
D.declares
解析:A。say意为“说明,表达,显示”;talk意为“谈论”;appear意为“出现”;declare意为“宣布”。根据句意应该选择say。
【考点归纳】
高考考查动词辨析主要有以下三个方面:
1.词形相同:有的动词之间有相同的音节,但词义、搭配却不一定相同。
2.词义相近:有的动词之间词义比较接近,很难区别,只有借助于上下文的句意才能把握。
3.搭配相同:有的动词有相同的搭配和结构,但词义未必相同,有时只从句子的内容来看,几个选项似乎都合适,但只要从词的搭配上一看便知道答案。
【拓展例析】
【例1】-In this day and age, women can have children and jobs as well.
-I can’t agree more. It’s great to have the two____.
A.linked
B.related
C. connected
bined
解析:D。have sth. done意为“使某事被做”。A项意为“相联系的”;B项意为“有关的”:C项意为“相连接的”;D项意为“同时做,兼做”。只有D项符合题意。
【例2】The good thing about children is that they________very easily to new environments.
A.adapt
B.appeal
C.attach
D.apply
解析:A。本题四个动词都可以和介词to搭配。adapt to意为“适应”;appeal to意为“呼吁,使感兴趣”;attach to意为“粘贴”;apply to意为“申请”。根据题意可知选A。
【例3】Her shoes____her dress; theylook very well together.
A.suit
B.fit
pare
D.match
解析:D。suit多指合乎需要、口味、性格、条件、地位等;fit多指大小、形状合适;match多指大小、色调、形状、性质等方面的搭配;compare意为“比较”,强调两者之间的对比。
二、动词短语考查热点
动词常与其他词类(多是介词和副词)搭配在一起,构成固定词组,称之为动词短语。一般动词短语可分为以下几类:
1.动词十介词
这类结构中的介词不能与动词分开,宾语只能放在介词之后。例如:agree with“同意……的意见,符合,一致”;ask for“请求,询问”;ar-rive at/in“到达”; begin with“以……开始”;come from“来自”;feel like“想要”;fall behind“落在……后面”;fall off“掉下”等。
【典例】In modern times,people have tolearn to____all kinds of pressure althoughthey are leading a comfortable life.
A.keep with
B.stay with
C.meet with
D.live with
解析:D。根据题意可知,应选择live with,相当于put up with,有“承受”的意思。
2.动词十副词
这类结构中若有宾语,则放在副词之前、之后均可,但如果宾语为人称代词,则必须放在副词之前。如果宾语过长,则应放在副词之后。例如:eat up“吃光”;find out“找出,查明”;put off“推迟”;look out“当心”;come out“出版”;keep out“使不进入”等。
【典例1】Don't worry. I'm sure your missingglasses will______sooner or later. (2015年湖北卷)
A.stand out
B.break up
C.get out
D.tum up
解析:D。考查短语动词的用法。stand out意为“突出”;break up意为“结束,破碎”;get out意为“出来”;turn up意为“出现,(尤指失去后偶然)被发现”。根据题意可知选D。
【典例2】Thousands of people____to watch yesterday’s match against Ireland.
A.turned on
B.turned in
C. turned around
D.turned out
解析:D。考查短语动词的用法。turn out有“外出”的意思;turn on意为“打开”;tum in意为“归还”;turn around意为“转身”。只有turn out符合语境。
【典例3】Einstein liked Bose’s paper so much that he____his own work and translat-ed it into German.
A.gave off
B.turned down
C.took over
D.set aside
解析:Doset aside意为“不顾,把……置于一旁”;give off意为“发出,放出”;turn down意为“拒绝”;take over意为“接收,接管”。根据句意可知选D。
3.动词十副词十介词
这类结构中,介词的宾语不能置于介词之前。例如:be fed up with“厌倦”;catch up with“赶上”;go on with“继续”;get on with“与……相处”等。
【典例】Had she____her promise, she would have made it to Yale University.
A. looked up to
B.lived up to
C. kept up with
e up with
解析:Bolive up to意为“履行,实行”;look up to意为“抬头看,尊重”;keep up with意为“跟上,追上”;come up with意为“追赶上”。根据题意应该选B。 【典例2】-Have you____some newideas?
-Yeah. I’Il tell you later.
A. come about
e into
C. come up with
e out with
解析:Co come about意为“发生,产生”;come into意为“进入,继承,得到(遗产)”;comeup with意为“想到,追赶上”;come out with意为“说出”。根据题意应该选C。
4.动词十名词十介词
常见短语有:take care of“照料,照顾”;make room for“给……腾出地方”;make friends with“与……交朋友”;play a joke on sb.“戏弄某人”;have a look at“看一看”;have a drink of“喝一点”;say goodbye to“告别”等。
【典例】Unfortunately, not everyone has real-ized the important part the balance of nature____their daily life.
A.plays in
B.playing
C.plays of
D.to play in
解析:A。本题解题的关键在于识别短语play an important part in…其中宾语part作先行词,所以定语从句中缺少宾语,应用关系代词which/that引导定语从句,而且可以省略。
5.动同十反身代词十介词
常见短语有:help oneself to“随便吃……”;give oneself to“热心于”;occupy one-self with“忙于”;dress oneself in“穿着”;break oneself to“去掉……的习惯”;devote oneself to“专心,致力于,献身”;throw oneself to“投身于……”等。
【典例】Mr. Reed made up his mind to de-vote all he had to____some schools for poorchildren.
A.set up
B.setting up
C. have set up
D.having set up
解析:B。本题考查固定短语devote oneself/sth. to意为“专心于,致力于,献身于……”,其中to为介词,所以选B。
三、高考高频动词短语
1.动词+about
speak/talk about“谈论”;think about“思考”;care about“关心,对……有兴趣”;bringabout“引起,使发生”;set about“着手,开始”;come about“发生”;hear about“听说”;worry about“为……担心”。 2.动词+away throw away“扔掉”;blow away“吹走”;carry away“拿走,使入迷”;clear away“清除掉,消散”;die away“逐渐消失,减弱”;pass away“去世”;wash away“冲走”;take away“拿走,使消失”;put away“收拾起来,存起来”;give away“背弃,泄漏”;wear away“磨掉,消耗”;breakaway“摆脱”;send away“遣散,赶走”;turnaway“把……打发走”。
3.动词+back
keep back“隐瞒,忍住”;look back(on)“回顾”;hold back“控制住”;give back“归还”;callback“回电话”;take back“拿回,收回”。
4.动词+for
run for“竞选”;ask for“要求得到”;wait for“等候”;stand for“代表,表示”;long for“渴望”;hope/wish for“希望得到”;care for“关心,喜欢”;beg for“乞求”;search for“查找”;look for“寻找”;call for“需要,要求”;hunt for“寻找”;change…for“用……换”;charge…for“收费,要价”;apply for“申请”;take…for“误以为……是”;seek for“寻找”;come for“来拿,来取”。
5.动词+down
burn down“烧毁”;break down“坏了,分解”;take down“记下,记录”;turn down“调小,拒绝”;cut down“削减,砍倒”;slow down“慢下来”;pass down“传下来”;put down“记下,写下”;calm down“平静下来”;bring down“使……降低,使倒下”;settle down“安家”;come down“下落,传下”;tear down“拆毁,拆除”。
6.动词+at
come at“向……袭击”;shout at“冲(某人)嚷嚷”;run at“冲向,向……攻击”;work at“干……活动(研究)”;tear at“用力撕”;look at“看,注视”;stare at“凝视”;glare at“怒视”;glance at“匆匆一瞥”;laugh at“嘲笑”;knock at“敲(门、窗等)”;point at“指向”;smile at“冲(某人)笑”;strike at“向……打击”;aim at“向……瞄准”;shoot at“向……射击”;wonder at“惊讶”;call at“拜访(地点)”。
7.动词+from
differ from“与……不同”;suffer from“受……苦”;hear from“收到……来信”;die from“因……而死”;keep/stop/prevent_from“阻止……”:learn from“向……学习”;result from“由于”;date from“始于……时期”;sepa-rate…from“把……分离开”。
8.动词+of
think of“想到”;dream of“梦到”;consist of“由……组成”;speak of“谈到”;approve of“赞成”;die of“死于”;talk of“谈到”;hear of“听说”;complain of“抱怨”。
9.动词+off
start off“出发”;set off“出发”;leave off“中断”;show off“炫耀”;get off“下车”;take off“脱下,起飞”;see off“送行”;ring off“挂断电话”;put off“延期,推迟”;come off“脱落,褪色”;cut off“切断,断绝”;fall off“跌落,掉下”;keep off“避开,勿走近”;go off“消失”;break off“打断”;pay off“还清”;carry off“带走,获得”;get off“脱下(衣服等)”;give off“散发出”;turn(switch) off“关掉”。
10.动词+on
depend on“依靠”;rely on“依靠”;insist on“坚持”;carry on“继续,进行”;keep/go on“继续”;spend…on“在……花钱”;put on“穿上,上演”;call on“拜访”;move on“继续移动,往前走”;live on“以……为生”;feed on“以……为生”;bring on“使……发展”;take on“雇用,呈现(新面貌等)”;try on“试穿”;have on“穿着”;pass on“传授,传递”;look on“旁观”;turn(switch) on“打开”。
11.动词+out
break out“爆发”;point out“指出”;pick out“选出”;figure out“算出,理解”;burst out“进发”;bring out“阐明,使表现出”;carry out“执行,进行”;help out“救助”;hold out“坚持下去”;set out“出发,着手,摆放”;wear out“穿破,使……疲劳”;turn out“结果是”;make out“理解,看清楚”;come out“出版,出来”;cross out“划掉”;leave out“省略,删掉”;keep out (of)“使不进入,挡住”;work out“算出”;find out“查出,弄明白”;give out“散发,分发”;try out“试用,试验”;look out“当心,提防”;put out“扑灭”;speak out“大胆讲出”;hand out“散发”;sendout“发出,派遣”;run out“用完”;go out“熄灭”;let out“泄漏,发出(声音)”;die out“灭绝”。
12.动词+in
give in“让步”;hand in“上交”;bring in“引进,使得到收入”;drop in“拜访”;result in“导致”;succeed in“在……获得成功”;Join in“参加”;take in“接纳,吸收”;get in“收获,进入”;break in“强制进入,插话”;fill in“填写”;call in“召集,来访”;cut in“插入”;persist in“坚持”;look in“来访,参观”。
13.动词+into
look into“研究,调查”;turn into“变成”;burst into“闯入”;divide…into“把……分成”;change…into“把……变成”;put/translate…into“把……译成”;run into“碰到”。
14.动词+over
turn over“翻倒,细想”;think over“仔细考虑”;go over“审阅,检查”;look over“翻阅,检查”;get over“克服”;take over“接管,接替”;watch over“看守,照看”;fall over“跌倒,摔倒”;roll over“翻滚”。
15.动词+to
belong to“属于”;object to“反对”;refer to“谈到,涉及”;point to“指向”;turn to“向……求助”;stick/hold/keep to“坚持,忠于”;see to“负责,照料”;come to“共计,苏醒”;reply to“答复”;get to“到达”;bring to“使苏醒,把……比作”;compare…to“与……相比,把……比作”;agree to“同意”;supply…to“为……提供”;lead to“导致,通向”;add to“增加”;attend to“处理,照料”;devote…to“贡献……给”。
16.动词+up
grow up“成长,长大”;give up“放弃,献出”;build up“建立”;set up“架起,建立”;put up“搭起,张贴”;do up“整理,包装,打扮”;go up“增长,上涨”;pick up“拾起,学会”;bring up“抚养,呕吐,提出,出现”;stay up“挺住,熬夜”;take up“开始学,从事”;sit up“熬夜”;eat up“吃完”;use up“用完”;tear up“撕碎”;lay up“储存”;make up“构成,组成,编造,弥补”;cut up“切碎”;join up“联结起来,参军”;come up“上来,长出,出现”;throw up“呕吐”;clear up“整理,收拾”;look up“查找,找出”.burn up“烧毁”;catch up“赶上”;hurry up“赶快”;fix up“修理,安排”;keep up“保持”;hold up“耽搁,使停顿”;send up“发射”;ring up“打电话”;divide up“分配”;break up“分解”。
17.动词+through
get through“通过,接通电话”;look through“翻阅,细查看”;go through“审阅,检查”;put…through“接通电话”;see through“识破”;check through“核对”。
18.动词+with
deal with“处理,对付”;do with“处理,需要”;meet with“遇到,遭受”;talk with“同……交谈”;agree with“同意,与……一致”;comparewith“与……相比”;combine with“与……相联合”;equip…with“以……装备”;cover…with“用……覆盖”;begin with“以……开始”;endwith“以……结束”;supply…with“以……供给”;provide…with“以……供给”;play with“玩,玩弄”。
19.三词及以上的短语动词
add up to“总计”;break away from“摆脱”;keep away from“避开,别靠近”;do away with“废除”;look down on“轻视”;look up to“仰望,尊敬”;put up with“忍受”;catch up with“赶上”;keep up with“赶上”;run out of“用完”;make up for“弥补”;go on with“继续”;get on(along) with“和……相处”;look forward to“盼望”;get close to“接近”;take hold of“握住”;get out of“逃避,避免”;get down to“着手处理”;set fire to“放火烧”;pay attention to“注意”;take notice of“注意”;set an example to“以……为榜样”;do well in“在……干得好”;pay a visit to“访问”;take a photo of“拍……照片”;take the place of“取代”。
四、强化训练
(一)选择单词并用其适当形式填空。
open,remind negotiate, fail,accumulate,reserve,limit,earn, order, deny
1. William found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to__________.