人人都信的七大谬误
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谬误有时披着真理的外衣，让人深信不疑；有时它又笼罩着层层迷雾，让人无法看透。脱去那件外衣，拨开那层迷雾，你会发现它们错得如此荒诞离谱、如此不堪一击。
Myths that are thought to be true facts do not stop at the ones listed below. Actually, there are countless fake ideas that people usually consider to be undeniable1) truths. From health to relationships and from Santa Claus to natural phenomena, every domain has its share of so called undeniable realities that are actually no more than plain myths. Here are 7 myths that people believe to be true.
那些被视为真理的谬误可不止下面所列出的这些。其实，世间有不计其数的、具有欺骗性的观点常常被人们认为是不容争辩的真理。从健康到人际关系，从圣诞老人到自然现象，每个领域都有一部分所谓的不可否认的真理，而事实上，它们只不过是一些普通的谬误而已。下面列举了人们深信不疑的七个谬误。
1. Barking dogs don't bite
I have heard this one since childhood. I always consider it one of the silliest myths out there, and it can turn out to be dangerous too. Barking dogs DO bite. Barking is a dog's way of telling you "stay away" and you should better listen to it, because a dog always means it, and this is not a myth!
2. If you are cold, you'll
get the flu
This is another myth that is taken as a general truth by most people. Stay away from cold, or you'll get sick, my mother always told me. Well, Mom, it is not the cold that get us sick, but those dreadful2) viruses! The true part about this one is that cold diminishes3) the activity of your immunity system, making it easier for viruses to enter your organism, but the cold itself is harmless.
3. Hot liquids are great for
a sore throat
This is one of the most diffused4) myths in the world. "Drink your tea while it is hot", we hear this all the time when we are sick. Hot drinks are actually harmful and will not do any good to your throat. If you are talking of warm liquids, then yes, they are helpful. Hot ones will only harm our fragile tissues and hurt not only the throat, but the esophagus5) and the stomach as well.
4. History books are accurate
History books only try to be accurate but they do not succeed all the time. Historical errors in our school books are not so big as to be shocking but they do exist. For example, the statement "Americans never lost a battle in the Vietnam War" is false, because some of the soldiers remember the events differently, and may give names of places and dates when Americans lost battles in Vietnam.
5. Cow milk is good for you
This is a most recently debunked6) myth. Doctors are learning nowadays about the negative effects of cow milk on human organisms. We, humans, are the only species that consume milk in adulthood, and also that consume the milk of other species. It is no wonder that this aliment7) may lead to such disorders as diarrhea8), allergies9), diabetes10) and even cancer. Some scientists advocate for ending milk consumption after the first years of life, while others recommend moderation11) only, as a way of protecting ourselves without giving up one of our favorite aliments.
6. If you want to know how a woman will look 20 years from now, look at her mother!
This is nothing more than a silly idea. First of all, women may take after12) their fathers or their grandparents and look nothing like their mothers. Secondly, it may happen that a woman takes a lot greater care of herself if she has a mother that neglected herself, than one who has a model as a mother. While some genes are indeed transmitted from one generation to another, what really counts is the determination of the particular person (regardless of the gender) of taking care of herself.
7. Lightning never strikes twice
in the same place
Here is one of the most popular myths in the world. However, nothing could be more obvious than the fact that lightning may strike the very same place countless times. It all depends on the nature of the target. The taller a construction is, the more chances it has that it will be struck by lightning multiple times.
1. 吠犬不咬人
从小我就听过这句话。我一直认为它是世界上最荒唐的谬误之一，而且听信这句话最后证明也是会有危险的。吠犬当然会咬人。吠叫是狗告诉你“离远点儿”的方式，你最好听从它，因为狗总是认真的，而这可不是谬误！
2. 如果你觉得冷，那么你要感冒了
这是另外一个被大多数人当做是普遍真理的谬误。别冻着，否则你会生病的，我母亲常常这样叮嘱我。呃，妈妈，让我们生病的并不是寒冷，而是那些可怕的病毒！关于这一谬误的事实是寒冷会使你的免疫系统变得不那么活跃，致使病毒更容易侵入你的机体，但是寒冷本身是无害的。
3. 热饮有益于疼痛的嗓子
这是世界上散布最广的谬误之一。“趁热把你的茶喝了”，我们在生病的时候总会听到这句话。热饮实际上有损健康，而且也不会对你的喉咙有任何好处。如果你说的是温饮，那么是的，它们确有帮助。热饮只会伤害我们脆弱的组织，而且不仅会伤害喉咙，也会伤害食道和胃。
4. 历史书是准确无误的
历史书只是力求做到准确，但是它们并非总能做到准确无误。我们教科书上的历史错误虽然没有错到令人震惊的地步，但是它们的确存在。比如，“美国人在越南战争中从未打过一次败仗”的说法就是错误的，因为一些士兵对这些战事的记忆截然不同，而且或许还能给出美国人在越南打那些败仗的地点及日期。
5. 牛奶对你有好处
这个谬误是最近刚刚被戳穿的。如今医生们正在研究牛奶对人类机体的副作用。我们人类是唯一一个在成年后饮用牛奶的物种，而且还饮用其他物种的奶水。难怪这种营养物可能会导致诸如腹泻、过敏、糖尿病这样的身体不适，甚至会致癌。一些科学家提倡在婴儿期过后便停止饮用牛奶，而其他科学家却建议只需减少牛奶饮用量即可，以此来保护我们的身体，而无需放弃这一我们最爱的营养物。
6. 如果你想知道一个女人20年后的样子，那就去看看她的妈妈吧！
这只不过是一个愚蠢的主意而已。首先，女性可能会长得像她们的父亲或祖父母，而一点也不像她们的母亲。其次，也可能会发生这样的情况：如果一个女人有一个不注意保养自己的母亲，她可能比一个母亲是模特的女人要费更多心思来保养自己。虽然一些基因的确会代代相传，但是真正重要的是那个人(不论性别)保养自己的决心。
7. 闪电绝不会两次击中同一个地方
这是世上最被人认可的谬误之一。然而，事实却显而易见：闪电可能会无数次地击中同一个地方。这完全取决于闪电击中的那个地方的特性。一座建筑物越高，那它被闪电多次击中的可能性就越大。
1. undeniable [ˌʌndɪˈnaɪəbl] adj. 不可否认的；无可争辩的
2. dreadful [ˈdredfl] adj. 可怕的；令人感到恐怖的
3. diminish [dɪˈmɪnɪʃ] vt. 减少，降低
4. diffuse [dɪˈfjuːz] vt. 传播；散布(知识、消息等)
5. esophagus: 参见P63注释12
6. debunk [ˌdiːˈbʌŋk] vt. 揭穿
7. aliment [ˈælɪmənt] n. 食物；营养物
8. diarrhea [ˌdaɪəˈrɪə] n. 【医】腹泻
9. allergy [ˈælədʒi] n. 【医】过敏性反应；过敏症
10. diabetes [ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz] n. 【医】糖尿病
11. moderation [ˌmɒdəˈreɪʃn] n. 适度；节制
12. take after: (在外貌、体格等方面)与(父、母等)相像