名词与冠词考点揭秘
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一、名词考点剖析
（一）考查名词的复数形式
【考例1】The nursery team switches him every few 69 （day） with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed， the other is with mum―she never suspects.（2016年全国I卷）
解析：days。few用于修饰复数名词，故填days。
【考例2】Recent 46 （study） show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks 47 （regular）.（2016年全国II卷）
解析：studies。考查名词复数。空格处作主语，结合谓语动词show可知，空格处应用复数形式。
【知识拓展】以f或者fe结尾的名词变复数：
①须直接加-s的有belief（信念，信任，信仰），chief（首领），cliff（悬崖，绝壁），gulf（海湾），proof（证据），safe（保险箱），serf（农奴，奴隶）
②须把f或fe变为v，再加-es的名词有calf（小牛，牛犊），half（一半），knife（小刀），leaf（叶子），life（生命），loaf（长面包），self（自己），shelf（架子），thief（小偷），wife（妻子），wolf（狼）。可结合顺口溜来记忆，即“妻己架刀命牛郎，半夜偷包要提防”（单词依次为：wife，self，shelf，knife，life，calf，wolf，half，leaf，thief，loaf）。
（二）考查形容词的名词形式
【考例1】In addition to their simple beauty， what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their 63 （able）to “air condition”a house without using electric equipment. （2015年全国II卷）
解析：ability。空格处作表语，根据空前的定语their可知，应用名词ability。
【考例2】Nancy was badly hurt and could only walk with great 18 （difficult）.
解析：difficulty。空格处作介词宾语，结合空前的形容词great可知，空格处填名词。
【知识拓展】形容词转换为名词的常用后缀有-ance，-ence，-ness，-bility等。如：importance，ability，happiness，convenience，kindness。
（三）考查动词的名词形式
【考例】Then， handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of 42
（achieve）. （2016年全国II卷）
解析：achievement。考查名词。根据空前的of与语境可知，空格处填提示词的名词形式。
【知识拓展】动词转换为名词的常用后缀有-er，-or，-ment，-ation，-sion等。如：movement，manager，operator，explanation，conclusion。
（四）考查名词词义辨析
【考例】As he got closer， he found another vehicle upside down on the road. One more look and he noticed 45 shooting out from under the disabled vehicle. Larry pulled over， set the brake and got hold of the fire extinguisher （灭火器）.（2016全国I卷，完形填空）
A. flames B. smoke
C. water D. steam
解析：A。结合“the fire extinguisher （灭火器）”可知，Larry注意到火苗从车里冒了出来。flames意为“火焰，火苗”，与文意相符。
【技巧点拨】对于考查名词词义辨析的小题，在答题时，一方面需要对各个选项的词义了如指掌，另一方面还需要把名词的词义与题干的具体语境紧密结合起来，只有这样才能选出正确答案。
（五）考查名词在短文改错中的误用
【考例1】If we go on a trip abroad， we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books. （2016年全国II卷，短文改错）
解析：knowledgesknowledge。knowledge为不可数名词，没有复数形式。
【考例2】Mum taught me some basic step of baking. I insisted on doing most of the baking myself.（2015年陕西卷）
解析：step steps。根据定语some和语境可知，可数名词step应用复数形式。
【技巧点拨】针对名词误用的考查主要体现在短文改错题型上，错误类型包括可数名词单复数的混用、不可数名词误用复数、名词与形容词之间的混用、名词所有格错误等。在答题时，需要结合名词的相关用法对题干仔细推敲，然后进一步判断正误。
（一）考查不定冠词的常用用法
【考例1】Mr. Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children； he owned 16
farm， which looked almost abandoned. （2015年广东卷）
解析：a。名词farm在句中表示泛指，故填不定冠词。
【考例2】Brian is gifted in writing music；he is very likely to be ________ Beethoven.（2015年四川卷）
解析：a。此处表示“下一个贝多芬”，应使用不定冠词。句意：布赖恩在谱曲上有天赋，他很可能成为下一个贝多芬。
【知识链接】不定冠词的常用用法：用于单数可数名词前，可表示泛指；用于第一次提到的某人某物之前；用于表数量“一”；用于时间、速度、重量、价格等名词前，表示“每一”；用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”； 用于人名前，表示其著作、作品、发明或某种产品等；用于某些物质名词前表“一杯”“一份”“一场”“一阵”等；用于抽象名词具体化时的某些名词之前等。
（二）考查定冠词的常用用法
【考例1】 The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed， 70 other is with mum―she never suspects.（2016年全国I卷）
解析：the。根据空前的one可知，此处为“one…the other”结构，故填the。
【考例2】The adobe dwellings（土坯房）built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even 62 most modern of architects and engineers. （2015年全国II卷）
解析：the。空后为形容词最高级，故空格处填定冠词。
【知识链接】定冠词的常用用法：用于表示特指的人或事物前；用于表示独一无二的事物前；用于双方都知道或上文已提到的人或物之前；用于表方向或方位的名词前；用于形容词或形容词化的过去分词前，表示一类人或物；用于西洋乐器名词之前；用于姓氏的复数名词前，表示某某一家人、某某夫妇等；用于逢整十的复数数词前，可表示年代。
（三）考查冠词在短语或句式中的应用
【考例1】Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for 68 while， exercising， or doing something you enjoy.（2016年全国II卷）
解析：a。for a while为常用短语，故填a。
【考例2】 ________more learned a man is， the more modest he usually becomes.（2015年陕西卷）
解析：The。此处为句式“the +比较级……，the +比较级……”，意为“越……就越……”。句意：一个人学的东西越多，他就会越谦虚。
【知识链接】①带有不定冠词的常用短语：do a favor for sb；have a walk；have a break；have a try；keep an eye out for；make a plan；have a gift for；have a preference for；in a hurry；at a price of；at a time；in a panic；all of a sudden；a place of interest等。
②带有定冠词的常用短语：go to the cinema；shakeby the hand；make the bed；make the most of；keep the law；keep the time；against the clock；for the purpose of；on the whole；all the year round；at the same time；in the charge of；in the direction of；on the way to等。
（四）考查冠词在短文改错中的误用
1.考查两种冠词之间的误用
【考例1】At a party， my coach，with a biscuit in his mouth， asked surprisingly who made them and joked， “I might have to retire again next year just to get some more of these biscuits.”（2015年陕西卷，短文改错）
解析：a the。party表示特指，故之前应用定冠词。
【考例2】So when I have the problem I will turn to her for help.（2013年大纲卷，短文改错）
解析：the a。problem表示泛指，之前应用不定冠词。
【技巧点拨】不定冠词与定冠词之间在用法上有很大的区别，审题时结合好两种冠词的用法，找准答题的突破口。
2.考查不定冠词之间的误用
【考例】 Besides， Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day. （2014年辽宁卷，短文改错）
解析：a an。average是以元音因素开头的单词，之前应用an。
【技巧点拨】a用在辅音前，而an用在元音前（指的是音标，而不是字母），这是答题的重要依据。
3.考查冠词的缺失或多词错误
【考例1】I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning. （2015年浙江卷，短文改错）
解析：∧hurry a。in a hurry为常用短语，意为“匆忙”。
【考例2】There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings. （2014年全国II卷，短文改错）
解析：删除the。all kinds of之后直接跟名词，故删除the。
【技巧点拨】答题时，注意结合好冠词的基本用法、常用短语、常用句式等，仔细判断题干中是否存在冠词的缺失或多词错误。
三、巩固训练
（一）单句改错
1. It felt very strange to travel without any luggages.
2. Yesterday afternoon， I paid visit to Mr. Johnson with my classmates.
3. Today we had a chemistry test and the teacher was angry because we had the same answers in the tests.
4. The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.
5. If youd like to make trip to our city some day， I will be more than happy to be your guide.
6. He has ruined his healthy and we are worried about him.
7. In the car park there Ginna nearly got knocked over as car drove out far too quickly from behind a lorry.
8. There are two girls from my course here and I plan to make friend with them so that we can help each other on the course work.
9. Thank to her help， I made great progress in my study.
10. The driver put the window down and offered us a umbrella because he found we were wet through.
（二）单句填空
1. Id skipped nearby Guilin， a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese ________
（painting）.
2. The idea of Fathers Day came from ________ American woman called Sonora Smart Dodd in 1909.
3. While there are amazing stories of instant transformation， for most of us the ________
（change） are gradual and require a lot of effort and work， like cleaning up a polluted river.
4. Now， years later， this river is one of
________ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.
5. Any smell might attract natural ________
（enemy） that would try to eat the little panda.
6. She was giving me ________ odd look―half puzzled， half intent （热切的）.
7. Im so grateful to all those ________
（volunteer） because they helped my terrible day end happily.
8. ________best moment for the football star was when he scored the winning goal.
9. In some countries， people eat with chopsticks， while in others， ________（knife） and forks.
10. In the beginning， there was only ________very small amount of unfairness in the world.
11. Do not rely on ________（wealthy）， because there is something that is more valuable.
12. Janes grandmother had wanted to write a childrens book for many years， but one thing or another always got in ________ way.
13. My parents always attach great ________ （important） to my getting a good education.
14. Whenever I made mistakes， the teacher pointed them out with ________（patient）.
15. As ________grass-roots singer， she reads everything she can get hold of concerning music， and takes every opportunity to improve herself.
（三）语法填空
Can you imagine the world full of crying and shouting， covered in darkness？ However， its not just a joke. Its a real 1 （describe） of a world without happiness and laughter.
If you compare our life to a pie， what would you put in if you were in charge of making the pie？ 2 （obvious）， many people would add as much happiness as possible. Do you know why？ Its 3 happiness stands for sweetness in most peoples minds.
Dont think of it just as a comparison. Happiness is a flower 4 （live） in the sunshine， and it is not difficult to reach for it. We have a variety of 5 （emotion） like sadness， anger， fear， enthusiasm and happiness， and they all appear naturally when something 6
（affect） our feelings. So， if we can change our attitude 7 things in the world， we can certainly adjust our emotions. It means that we can choose to be happy if we want to， as long as we view everything in 8 positive way.
If we can be happy， why not choose to be？ Lets try together to create 9 world filled with smiling faces 10 sunshine.