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[There be结构]
there be意为“某处有某物”。如:
There is a park in front of our school. 我们学校前有个公园。
there be结构表示“某地存在某物或某人”。它的基本句式为:there be +主语(名词)+地点状语,其中there是引导词,本身无词义,也不发生变化,而真正的主语是后面的名词,相当于:主语(名词)+ be + 地点状语。如:
There is a restaurant next to the park. 紧挨着公园有个饭店。
there be结构的一般疑问句只需把be动词提前,回答时根据主语变化用Yes, there is/ are. 或No, there isn’t/ aren’t. 如:
―Are there any teachers in the office? 办公室里有老师吗?
―No, there aren’t. 不,没有。
由there引导的这种结构,动词be (is, are)放在主语之前,需与其在数方面保持一致,主语是不可数名词或单数可数名词时用is,若为复数时用are。当there be结构中有两个或两个以上主语时,谓语动词be应与邻近的主语在数上保持一致,即“就近原则”。如:
There is a girl and two boys in the classroom. 教室里有一个女孩和两个男孩。
[一般过去时]
句式结构
(1)be动词过去时的句式:
否定句是在was/ were后面加not;一般疑问句是把was/ were提前放到句首。
(2)实义动词过去时的句式:
① 肯定式:主语+动词过去式+其他
② 否定式:主语+ did not (didn’t) +动词原形+其他
③ 一般疑问式:Did +主语+动词原形+其他?
④ 特殊疑问式:特殊疑问词+ did +主语+动词原形+其他?
活动环境
(1)主要用于过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,句中通常有表示过去的时间状语;
(2)表示过去一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作,此时常与often, always等表示频度的时间状语连用;
(3)叙述已去世人的情况;
(4)如果有些情况发生的时间不是很清楚,但实际上是过去发生的,也应用一般过去时。
时间状语
(1)yesterday及其构成的短语;
(2)由“last +时间名词”构成的短语;
(3)由“介词+表示过去的时间名词”构成的短语;
(4)由“一段时间+ ago”构成的短语;
(5)其他一些表示过去时间的短语。
[祈使句 ]
祈使句常常用来表达命令、请求或者建议。主语“you”通常省略,并且谓语动词用原形。句尾用感叹号或句号,读的时候用降调。
(1)肯定句式结构:
Be动词+其他成分。如:
Be a good boy! 做个好孩子!
Let +人(或者人称代词的宾格) +动词原形。如:
Let me have a look. 让我看一看。
其他动词类。如:
Stand up, please! 请起立!
(2)否定句式结构:
祈使句的否定句式结构通常是在肯定结构前加Don’t。如:
Don’t ask me when I’m busy! 别在我忙的时候问我!
(3)特殊用法:
即“无动词祈使句”,常常用于一些表示禁止的标语牌上。如:
No parking! 禁止停车!
No smoking! 禁止吸烟!
No swimming! 禁止游泳!
(4)加强语气的祈使句:Do +动词原形。如:
Do write to me soon! 一定要快点给我写信呀!
[现在进行时]
现在进行时表示现在或现阶段正在发生或进行的动作或者存在的状态。由“系动词be (am, is, are) +动词的现在分词(v-ing)”构成。其中am, is, are在人称和数上要与主语保持一致。
句式结构:
肯定式:主语 + am/ is/ are + v-ing
否定式:主语 + am/ is/ are + not + v-ing
一般疑问式及其回答:
Am/ Is/ Are +主语+ v-ing?
Yes, 主语+ am/ is/ are.
No, 主语+ am not/ isn’t/ aren’t.
特殊疑问式:特殊疑问词+ am/ is/ are +主语+ v-ing?
判定方法:
(1)现在进行时在多数情况下是通过now来判定的。
(2)以动词Look!或Listen!等开头的句子,提示我们说话时动作正在进行,应用现在进行时。
(3)描述图片中人物的动作时常用现在进行时,以示生动。
(4)通过前后的语言环境、时间等来说明动作发生的时间,也可由特定的语境来表达。
[训练基地]
Ⅰ. 单项选择。
( )1. Look! The girls ______ cards over there.
A. play B. playing C. is playing D. are playing
( )2. ―What are the girls doing?
―They ______.
A. are looking English books B. are seeing a film
C. are listening the music D. watching a film
( )3. ______ weekend, I ______ an old friend in London.
A. Last; visited B. Last; visiting
C. This; visit D. This; am visit
( )4. ______ there a bike and two men under the tree?
A. Is B. Are C. Have D. Has
( )5. ―______ take off your coat, Kate. It’s cold today.
―OK.
A. Don’t B. Can’t C. You’d better D. Please
( )6. ―______ you in Australia last year?
―Yes, I ______.
A. Were; was B. Were; were C. Was; were D. Was; was
( )7. ―How did you ______ the weekend?
―I helped my mother cook food.
A. spend B. to spend C. spending D. spent
( )8. We ______ the end-of-year exam yesterday.
A. have B. had C. are D. are having
( )9. ―When ______ you ______ the room?
―Last Monday.
A. do; clean B. did; clean C. are; cleaning D. does; clean
( )10. ―______ yesterday?
―It was rainy.
A. How was the weather like B. What was the weather
C. How is the weather D. What was the weather like
Ⅱ. 用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. I can take Wang Gang there when he ______ (come) to visit.
2. ______ her brother ______ (like) playing football every day?
3. It’s nine o’clock. His grandfather ______ (lie) in bed.
4. He ______ (have) fun in the Palace Museum yesterday.
5. Many people ______ (run) in the park every Sunday morning.
6. How ______ (be) the weather last winter?
7. On weekdays, when ______ you ______ (get) up?
8. Jim’s cousin ______ (do) his homework every day. But he ______ (not do) it yesterday.
9. Look! The boy ______ (put) on his sweater by himself.
10. I ______ (buy) a new dictionary the day before yesterday.
11. ―______ you ______ (know) the boy over there?
―Which boy?
―The boy who is ______ (sit) near the window of the classroom.
12. I like ______ (read), but I like ______ (go) to the cinema this evening.
13. Would you like ______ (go) to the park this afternoon?
14. Don’t ______ (agree) with him. He’s wrong.
15. They ______ (practice) writing at school now.
Keys:
Ⅰ. 1~5 DBAAA 6~10 AABBD
Ⅱ. 1. comes 2. Does; like 3. is lying 4. had
5. run 6. was 7. do; get 8. does; didn’t do
9. is putting 10. bought 11. Do; know; sitting 12. reading; to go
13. to go 14. agree 15. are practicing