“it”用法知多少
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代词“it”在英语中运用频率极高，同学们对它极为熟悉，但由于其灵活性强以及有一词多义的特点，学生在具体运用过程中，不能准确把握其所指代的真正含义。故本文紧扣考点，根据学生的认知发展规律，分步剖析、解读“it”的用法，最后提供一些综合性的实战演练，供同学们参考。
【高考导航】
高考要求学生在整体把握各类代词基本用法的基础上，能掌握代词it的用法并能在真实语境中正确理解和运用。高考试题注重情景干扰，特别注重特定语言环境中上下文的联系，而且题干的语义结构趋于复杂，强调与其他相关语法知识相结合。因此，正确把握句意、分析句式结构在解题中起着很重要的作用。
【重点全解及跟踪训练】
对于“it”的用法，首先要从总体上把握，它既可以用作代词（如人称代词、非人称代词），也可以用作引导词（作形式主语或形式宾语），还可以用来构成强调句型。下面从这三个方面进行详解，适度拓展“it”的易混句型，增加学生对其不同用法的辨别能力，掌握其解题规律，提高解题能力。
（一）it用作代词
当it用作代词时，要明确其所指代的具体内容。
1. 用作人称代词
在句子中作主语或宾语；指前面已经提到过的事物；性别不明或性别被认为不重要的人或动物；未指明但谈话双方都明白的事情或情况。例如：
This is our new car. I bought it yesterday. 这是我们的新车。我昨天买的。（指代前面提到的物品our new car）
―Who is knocking at the door？
―It’s me.
it 指一定情景中所确定的人或事物，此时相当于指示代词，代指this和that,有时也指人。
2. 用作非人称代词
指天气、时间、距离、环境等。也可模糊地指一般情形或上文的部分或整个意思。例如：
It’s about 50 kilometers from here to Nanjing. 从这儿到南京约有五十公里。
It is very quiet in the library.图书馆里很安静。
（二）用作引导词
1. 用作形式主语
当动词不定式、动名词或从句作主语时，通常把它们放在谓语之后，而用it作形式主语，使句子保持平衡。
（1） ① It+be+形容词/名词+（for sb.） to do sth.； ② It +be+形容词/名词+of sb. to do sth.（句中it代替to do作形式主语）。例如：
It is difficult for me to make a decision.对我来说，做决定难。（句中it代替to make a decision）
类似的形容词有：easy, hard, impossible, possible, important等。
注意：当形容词说明人的性格特征时用“It is + adj. + of sb. to do sth . ”=“ Sb. is + adj. + to do sth.”
常用的形容词有：nice, good, wrong, clever, careful, polite等。
（2） It is no good / no use / useless / dangerous + doing sth. （句中it代替doing作形式主语）。例如：
It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。
It is no good giving him advice, because he will not accept it. 给他提建议是没有用的，他是不会接受的。
（3） 代替主语从句
常见的有：
① It seems / appears / happens / turns out / proves + that... 。例如：
It happened that I had seen the film The flowers of War. 碰巧我已看过了《金陵十三钗》那部电影。
② It is certain / likely / possible / probable + that... 。例如：
It is certain that the constant rising of the oil price will affect the development of the world economy. 不断上涨的油价肯定会影响国际经济的发展。
③ It is said / reported / known / believed + that... 。例如：
It is known that every coin has two sides. 众所周知，任何事物都有两面性。
注意1：当形容词是necessary, strange, important, natural, 或者名词是a pity时，从句需用虚拟语气。谓语动词形式：（should）+动词原形。例如：
It is important that students（should） learn to depend on themselves in life. 学生在生活上学会独立是很重要的。
注意2：过去分词表示“建议”、“命令”、“愿望”时，如suggested, ordered, requested等，从句需用虚拟语气。谓语动词形式：（should）+动词原形。例如：
It is requested that Liu Dehua （should） give another performance. 有人请求刘德华再表演一个节目。
2. 用作形式宾语
（1） 常与feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, think, suppose, regard等连用。例如：
I feel it necessary to raise people’s awareness of protecting the earth. 我觉得提高人们保护地球的意识很有必要。
（2） like, dislike, hate, appreciate, depend on， count on这些及物动词或短语不能直接加宾语从句，需加it之后再加宾语从句。例如：
I dislike it when others shout at me. 我不喜欢别人对我大喊大叫。
I really appreciate it if you help me. 如果您能帮忙，我将不胜感激。
You may count on it that they will support you. 你就相信吧，他们会支持你的。
（三）用于强调句中
1. 强调句型：It is / was +被强调部分+that / who+句子其他成分。
强调人时可用that/who来连接，强调事物时常用that。所强调的可以是单词、短语或从句，被强调的成分可以是主语、宾语和状语，但不能是定语或谓语。例如：
It is I who / that am wise. 我才是明智的。（主语）
It was in the classroom that I saw him. 我是在教室里看见他的。(状语)
2. 强调句型的疑问式
（1） 一般疑问句式
Is / Was it + 被强调部分+that / who+句子其他成分。例如：
Is it Guo Jingming that / who young readers like most? 年轻读者最喜欢的作家是郭敬明吗？
Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out? 第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗？
（2） 特殊疑问句式
特殊疑问词+is / was it +that / who+句子其他成分。例如：
How was it that you succeeded? 你是怎么成功的？
Why is it that mobile phones are increasingly used? 为什么人们越来越多地使用手机？
Who is it that will be sent abroad for further study? 将被派到国外进修的是谁？
3. not... until... 句型的强调句
It is / was not until+被强调部分+ that+其他成分。例如：
（1） He didn’t go to bed until ten o’clock. 他直到十点钟才睡觉。
强调句为：It was not until ten o’clock that he went to bed.
（2） I didn’t realize she was my English teacher until she took off her dark glasses. 直到她摘下墨镜我才意识到她是我的英语老师。
强调句为：It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my English teacher.
（四） it 引起的易混淆句型
1. it与连词before / when / since的句型。
（1） It be+时间段+before引导的状语从句，句意为：过（……时间）才……。
It be not+时间段+before引导的状语从句，句意为：没过（……时间）就……。
例如：
It was three years before he finished writing the book. 他花了三年才写完这本书。
It was not five minutes before the reporter arrived on the spot. 没过五分钟记者就到了现场。
（2） It be+时间点+when引导的状语从句，句意为：做……时几点了。例如：
It was eight o’clock when he came to school yesterday. 他昨天到校时八点了。
注意：这里的it指时间，when引导的是状语从句。
比较：It was at eight o’clock that he came to school yesterday. 他昨天是在八点钟到校的。该句是强调句。
（3） It is / has been+时间段+since引导的状语从句（瞬间动词的过去式），句意为：自从……已有多久了。It is / has been+时间段+since引导的状语从句（延续性动词的过去式），句意为：自从不……已有多久了。例如：
① It is/has been three weeks since he arrived here. 他到这儿已经有三周了。
类似的动词：meet, see, go, leave等。
② It is two years since he lived here. 自从他不住这儿已经有两年了。
类似的动词：stay, smoke, work, be等。
2. It’s time for sth./to do sth./that（虚拟语气）结构，句意为：是……的时候了。
① It’s time for the meeting. 该开会了。
② It’s time to go to bed. 该上床休息了。
③ It’s time that we should go to bed/went to bed. 我们该上床休息了。
注意：从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，用“should+动词原形”（should不能省）；或者用动词的过去式。
3. It is / was + the first（second... ）time +that?鄄clause（has / had done），句意为：是某人第一（二……）次做某事。如：
It is the first time that she has visited our school. 这是她第一次访问我们学校。
It was the second time that I had visited the Great Wall last year. 我去年是第二次游览长城。
主语除了it外，也可用this, that，其中序数词也可修饰day, month, year等名词。
【实战演练】
1. Premier Wen Jiabao said it was those____________were responsible for the train crash in Wenzhou____________would be severely punished.
A. who; which B. who; that
C. who; where D. which; who
2. I advised Lucy strongly that she should take more exercise and eat more vegetables，but____________didn’t help.
A. it B. she C. which D. he
3. It was in the small house____________was built with stones by his father____________he spent his childhood.
A. which; which B. that; where
C. which; that D. that; which
4. Was it in 1969____________the American astronaut succeeded____________landing on the moon？
A. when; on B. that; on
C. when; in D. that; in
5. It was not until she arrived at the cinema____________she realized she had forgotten her ticket.
A. what B. when
C. this D. that
6. It is time that the government
____________action to narrow income gap.
A. took B. will take
C. take D. takes
7. I think it no good____________this failure. We should learn to face it and try again.
A. ignore B. ignoring
C. ignored D. to ignore
8. It’s suggested that more jobs____________in small towns so that young couples needn’t leave their babies at home to earn money.
A. be created B. created
C. creating D. will be created
9. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see____________.
A. who is he B. who he is
C. who is it D. who it is
10. ―Were all the three people in the car injured in the accident？
―No,____________only the two passengers who got hurt.
A. it were B. there is
C. it was D. there was
11. It was____________she was about to go out____________the telephone rang.
A. so; that B. when; that
C. before; then D. when; before
12. It was not until 1920____________regular radio broadcasts began.
A. while B. which C. that D. since