中考英语之定语从句
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1.定语从句的功用和结构
2.关系代词和关系副词的功用
3.各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法
考查的主要形式是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空和完成句子。阅读理解和书面表达也常常要用到定语从句。
一、定语从句的功用和结构
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如:
This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.
Do you know everybody who came to the party?
I still remember the night when I first came to the village.
This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived.
二、关系代词和关系副词的功用
关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句,在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用,使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词做主语、宾语、定语,关系副词做状语。
1. 做主语:关系代词在定语从句中做主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如:
I don’t like people who talk much but do little.
The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.
2. 做宾语。例如:
She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.
The book that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”.
3. 做定语
关系代词whose在定语从句中做定语。例如:
What’s the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?
The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.
4. 做状语。例如:
I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.
This is the house where I was born.
三、各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法
1. who 指人,在定语从句中做主语。例如:
The person who broke the window must pay for it.
The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.
2. whom指人,在定语从句中做宾语。例如:
Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate?
Mr Lee (whom) you want to see has come.
3. whose 指人,在定语从句中做定语。例如:
The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.
I know the boy whose father is a professor.
4. which指物,在定语从中做主语或宾语。例如:
A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.
Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.
5. that多指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中做主语或宾语。例如:
I’ve read the newspaper that(which) carries the important news.
Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?
6. when 指时间,在定语从句中做状语。例如:
I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.
He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.
7. where 指地点,在定语从句中做状语。例如:
This is the house where we lived last year.
The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.
四、关系代词 whom, which 的特殊用法
whom和which在定语从句中做介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放在先行词与定语从句之间,有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写,而将介词置于定语从句的后面。例如:
That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the roomwhich we had lived in for ten years.
五、具体使用时还要注意下列问题
1. 只能使用that,不用which 的情况
① 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词。例如:
All that he said is true.
② 先行词被only, no, any, all等词修饰。例如:
He is the only foreigner that has been to that place.
③ 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如:
He was the second (person) that told me the secret.
④ 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。例如:
This is the best book (that) I have read this year.
⑤先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如:
He talked about the people and the things he remembered.
2. 只能用which,不用that 的情况
① 在非限制性定语从中。例如:
The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.
② 定语从句由“介词+关系代词”引导,先行词是物。例如:
The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.
练习
1. ―Who is the man ______ was talking to our English teacher?
―Oh! It’s Mr. Baker, our maths teacher.
A. heB. thatC. whomD. which
2. I hate the people ________ don’t help others when they are in trouble.
A. whoB. whichC. theyD. where
3. The foreigner _________ visited our school is from Canada.
A. whichB. whenC. whoD. whom
4. George Mallory was an English school teacher _______ loved climbing.
A. whoB. whomC. heD. which
5. This is the place _____I have ever visited.
A. there B. whenC. where D. which
6. Nobody knows the reason ______ she didn’t come to the meeting.
A. thatB. whichC. whyD. when
7. The moon is a world ______ there is no life.
A. thatB. whichC. whereD. why
8. He has forgotten the day _______ he arrived.
A. whenB. whereC. thatD. which
9. He still remembers the days ______ he spent with your family.
A. whenB. whereC. thatD. on which
10. Mr. White, ______ car had been stolen, came to the policeman.
A. whoB. thatC. whoseD. which
11. He got to the village _______ his family once lived before liberation.
A. thatB. whichC. whenD. where
12. This is the house _______ I want to buy.
A. in whichB. thatC. whoseD. where
13. This is the house _______ our beloved Premier
Zhou once lived and worked.
A. whichB. thatC. whenD. where
14. He didn’t tell me the place _______ he was born.
A. thatB. whichC. whenD. where
15. He lived in a small village, ______ was a long way from the railway station.
A. thatB. whichC. whereD. when
答案
1.B 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.C 11.D 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.B