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我们知道,动词不定式的基本形式是“to + 动词原形”,有时可以省略to,其否定形式是“not to + 动词原形”。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句中不能作谓语,但可以充当除了谓语以外的所有的句子成分。从近些年中考英语试题来看,不定式出现的频率较高,而且倍受各地中考命题者的青睐,对其的考查的频次更是有增无减,居高不下,由此可见不定式在中考中的重要性。在此,笔者根据近年的全国各省、市中考英语试题的情况,谈谈不定式的用法及考查的热点,以飨读者。
1. 不定式用作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而把动词不定式放在后面,避免句子头重脚轻。动词不定式作主语时,其后的谓语动词应用单数形式。
例如:
To ask the policeman for help is necessary.
It’s our duty to help the old.
2. 如果要说明的不定式需要表示动作的执行者,可以在不定式前加一个介词for短语。
例如:
It’s important for us to learn English well.
3. 在以某些表示人的品质、特征等的形容词(如nice, good, kind, polite, wise, clever等)作表语时,不定式之前可以加一个介词of短语,用来说明动作的执行者。
例如:
It’s not polite of him to speak to old people like that.
4. 两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列在一起时,第一个不定式带to,后面一个不定式通常省略to。
例如:
To go to sleep early and get up early is a good habit.
二、动词不定式作宾语
1. 常接动词不定式做宾语的动词有:begin, decide, plan, learn, expect, forget, afford, agree, hope, prepare, want, start, wish, promise, pretend, seem, choose等。
例如:
I hope to go to college some day.
I can’t afford to buy a digital camera at the moment.
2. 动词stop, forget, remember, go on, try, mean后面接动词不定式与动名词做宾语,意思有区别。
例如:
The baby stopped to listen to the music. 那个小孩停下(某事)去听音乐。
The baby stopped listening to the music. 那个小孩停止了听音乐。
3. 当作宾语的不定式后面有宾语补足语时,通常要用形式宾语it来代替不定式,并将真正的不定式置于宾语补足语之后。
例如:
We think it necessary for us to learn to wait.
三、动词不定式作定语
1. 动词不定式作定语用时,通常应置于被修饰的名词或代词之后,可与该名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
例如:
Jack has much work to do.
2. 若作定语的不定式是不及物动词,且与它所修饰的词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,则应该在做定语的不定式之后加上相迎的介词。
例如:
I have a lot of things to talk about.
He is looking for a room to live in.
四、动词不定式作状语
1. 不定式可以作目的状语、结果状语或原因状语等,其否定形式为not to do。不定式在不及物动词之后作目的状语的情况最多,可位于句首或句中。
例如:
Danny went to the theatre to watch a film.
I have to get up early to catch the early bud tomorrow.
2. 和某些形容词连用构成“be +形容词+不定式”的结构,作原因状语。
例如:
I’m sorry to trouble you.
3. 作程度或结果状语时,常与enough(表示肯定)或too(表示否定)连用。
例如:
Jack is old enough to go to school.
Jack is too young to go to school.
五、动词不定式作宾语补足语
1. 不定式作宾语补足语多用于want/ tell/ ask/ order/ warn/ would like sb. (not) to do sth.等句型结构之中。
例如:
Mum wants me to go to school on time.
2. 使役动词let, make, have (get除外)和感官动词see, watch, notice, look at, hear, listen to, feel等后面接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,如果将其改为被动语态,则其后作主语补足语用的不定式必须将to还原。
例如:
I heard children talk in the next room.
Children were heard to talk in the next room.
六、动词不定式的否定式
动词不定式的否定式是直接在不定式的前面加上not, 即not to do形式。
例如:
Tell him not to open the window.
七、“疑问代(副)词 + 动词不定式”结构的用法
1. 动词不定式与疑问词what, which, how, when, where等连用,在句中做主语、宾语、表语或宾语补足语。
例如:
Where to buy this kind of bicycle is a problem.
2. 在疑问副词why, why not之后,动词不定式不带to。
例如:
Why not come earlier?
3. ask, know, learn, decide, tell等动词后面常接“疑问代(副)词+动词不定式”结构作宾语。事实上该结构有时还可作主语和表语,此时可换成相应的疑问词引导的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。
例如:
I don’t know what to do.
八、动词不定式不带to的情况
1. 动词不定式通常都带to,但是使役动词(let, make, have等)、感官动词(hear, see, watch, listen, feel等)后面接不定式作宾语补足语时不带to (注意:在被动语态的句子中不定式作主语补足语时应带to)。
另外,在某些固定搭配中不定式也不带to。
例如:
① why not do sth.?(为什么不做……?)
② had better (not) do sth. (最好(别)做某事)
③ would rather (not) do sth. (宁愿(不)做某事)
④ Will/ Would/ Could you please (not) do sth.? (请你(不要)……好吗?)
九、与不定式有关的固定搭配
例如:
1. have a chance to do sth. (有机会做某事);
2. would like sb. to do sth. (想要某人做某事);
3. would rather do ... than do ... (宁愿做……而不愿做……);
4. prefer to do ... rather than do ... (宁愿做……而不愿做……);
5. Will/ Would/ Could you please (not) do sth.? (请你(不要)……好吗?);
6. It takes sb. some time to do sth. (某人做某事花费了多长时间);
7. had better (not) do sth. (最好(别/不)做某事);
8. be not ... enough to do sth. ((某人)不够……不能做某事)