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Earlier in 2016, at the Whitney Museum of American Art, in New York, visitors paraded through the fifth floor to see a retrospective dedicated to the abstract expressionist Frank Stella.1 Although many of the works on display were four or five decades old, in some ways the show felt tailormade for the Instagram age: a riot of vibrant colors and textures, 20-foot-long reliefs, and sculptures as jagged and dynamic as 3-D graffiti.2

Visitors on busy Saturday afternoon stopped in front of artworks, lined up shots on their phones, snapped a few photos, and then moved on to the next piece. Some paused briefly to consider a particular painting; more stared down at their screens, furiously filtering. Few noticed an elderly gentleman sitting on a bench in one of the smaller rooms, watching the crowd engage with his work. The only visitor in the gallery not clutching a phone was Stella himself.

Museum directors are grappling with3 how technology has changed the ways people engage with exhibits. But instead of fighting it, some institutions are using technology to convince the public that, far from becoming obsolete4, museums are more vital than ever before. Here’s what those efforts look like.

1. Curating5 for Instagram

About five years ago, the Metropolitan Museum of Art6 took a small step that has proved monumental: It stopped entreating visitors not to use their cellphones.7 The decision was driven by a recognition that cellphones are omnipresent8 in modern society, and fighting them is a losing battle.“People ask me what our biggest competition is,” says Sree Sreenivasan, until recently the Met’s chief digital officer. (He’s now the chief digital officer for New York City.) “It’s not the Guggenheim9; it’s not the Museum of Natural History. It’s Netflix10. It’s Candy Crush11.”

Accepting that cellphones are here to stay has led museums to think about how they can work with the technology. One way is to design apps that allow visitors to seek out additional information. The Brooklyn Museum, for example, has an app through which visitors can ask curators questions about artworks in real time. Museums including the Guggenheim and the Met have experimented with beacon technology, which uses Bluetooth to track how visitors move through galleries and present them with additional information through an app. Beacons have the potential to offer detailed histories about works, and directions to specific paintings or galleries.

Sreenivasan points out that once museum apps incorporate GPS technology, visitors will be able to plot their path through galleries just as they now plan their commute on Google Maps―no more getting lost in the Egyptian wing or staring at a paper map in search of a particular Monet Sunrise.

Embracing cellphones also means that more art galleries will curate immersive12, Instagramfriendly exhibitions. The staggering success of the Museum of Modern Art’s Rain Room, a moody gray space illuminated by falling water, and the Renwick Gallery’s Wonder, a collection of vibrant, room-size installations,13 has shown what an effective marketing tool social media can be. Some museums even arrange art with thephotographer in mind. “The ways in which people are interacting with works have changed, and so that changes, a little bit, the way we space the works,” says Dana Miller, the director of the Whitney’s permanent collection.

2. History and Art, Augmented14

In museums, augmented reality might mean an app that brings paintings to life via your phone’s camera, or that encourages visitors to learn about history by competing to “collect” artifacts or experiences. The Royal Ontario Museum15 has experimented with using augmented reality to add flesh and skin to dinosaur bones, and with using a scanner to project images of animated beasts that follow visitors through galleries. A project at the University of Southern California is collecting testimony from Holocaust survivors with the aim of producing interactive 3D holograms that can answer questions from visitors.16

Virtual reality17, too, promises to become part of the museum-going experience. The British Museum has experimented with using virtualreality headsets to let visitors explore a Bronze Age home, or see what the Parthenon might have looked like thousands of years ago.18 At the Smithsonian’s19 new National Museum of African American History and Culture, visitors can use virtual reality to feel what it was like to be a diver who helped recover a slave ship. “It’s about helping people remember that what they’re experiencing was actually real,” says Lonnie Bunch, the museum’s director. “What we really want to do is humanize history.”

3. Museums in Your Pocket

Some museums are putting the entirety of their collections online. The Whitney’s Dana Miller says museum directors initially feared that doing so might deter20 people from visiting, but in fact they’ve found that it can lead to an increase in visitors. The Rijksmuseum21, in Amsterdam, has gone one step further by making its collection available as open data, so people can reproduce, edit, and play around with works. Institutions such as the Met, the British Museum, and the Smithsonian are encouraging people to download specifications so that they can 3D-print replicas22 of artifacts in the museums’ collections.

The point isn’t just to get more people through the museum doors, but also to reach those who can’t visit in person. In 2011, the Google Art Project launched, putting works at many of the world’s biggest institutions online in super-high resolution. The project currently features works by more than 6,000 artists in more than 250 museums. Last July, Google updated its Arts & Culture app, allowing people with Google Cardboard headsets to “tour” 20 museums and historic sites around the world. Perhaps one day, some museums won’t have a physical presence at all. Instead they will curate digital exhibitions and change displays quickly to respond to global events in real time.

4. Art Will Adapt to the Viewer

For thousands of years, people have made art using variations of the same methods―paint is applied to a surface; material is shaped into a sculpture. But artists are increasingly experimenting with pixels, algorithms, 3D printers, and other tech tools to make works that evolve and respond to the environments around them.

In 2013, the National Portrait Gallery commissioned a portrait of Google’s co-founders, Sergey Brin and Larry Page, that was rendered in part as a moving visualization of their words fed through Google’s search engine.23 A new exhibition at London’s Somerset House24 about the singer and artist Bj?rk uses virtual reality to let visitors experience her music on a deserted beach in Iceland, or even inside Bj?rk’s mouth while she’s performing.

One can imagine sculptures that use sensors to move around as people walk through galleries, or artworks that respond to changes in their surroundings, so that repeat visitors see something different each time. Already, immersive installations use light and tricks of the eye to distort reality and perspective―inevitably, they’ll use technology to do the same thing, to more dramatic effect.

Visitors themselves may become part of the art. A 2015 exhibit at London’s Design Museum used hidden cameras to take pictures of people gazing at artworks and then displayed those “portraits” back to the unwitting subjects.25 That exhibit and a recent one at the Whitney by the filmmaker Laura Poitras collected data from people who were using the museums’ WiFi and then exhibited the data back to them as they left, to illustrate a point about the electronic footprints we all leave behind.

Just as the Library of Congress26 has acquired Twitter’s entire archive to add to its permanent collection, museums will increasingly acquire artworks that aren’t physical objects at all, leaving a more dynamic and richer image of the 21st century for future visitors to marvel at.

2016年年初,在纽约惠特尼美国艺术博物馆的五层展厅里,参观者们穿梭其间观看抽象表现主义画家弗兰克・斯特拉的回顾展。尽管展览上许多作品都有四五十年的历史了,但在某种程度上,却让人感觉这是为照片分享时代量身定制的:展品色彩丰富鲜亮,纹理生动多样,巨型浮雕长达20英尺,雕塑凹凸不平、不断变化,就如同3D涂鸦一般。

一个星期六的下午,博物馆内人头攒动,参观者们纷纷在艺术品前驻足、排队拍照,拿起手机迅速拍几张,然后走向下一幅。也有人在一幅特别的画作前短暂停留,静静欣赏;而更多的人则是盯着自己的手机屏幕,急切地用滤镜美化刚拍的照片。很少有人注意到,其中一间小展览室的长凳上坐着一位年长的男士,一直在默默观察人群是如何欣赏他的作品的。全馆唯一 一位没有紧握手机的人也只有这位艺术家本人了。

科技如何改变了人们的观展方式?各大博物馆馆长正在努力思考这个问题。很多艺术机构放弃了与科技对抗,转而开始利用它向公众传递这样一个信息――我们并没有老套过时,博物馆反而比从前更有活力了。那就让我们看看他们是如何做的。

1. 策划照片分享活动

大约五年前,纽约大都会艺术博物馆做出一个小举动,如今看来却具有历史性意义:不再禁止参观者在馆内使用手机。做出这样的决定,是因为该馆负责人意识到,现代社会,手机已无处不在,与之对抗必败无疑。“人们问我,我们最大的竞争对手是谁?”该馆前任首席数字官、纽约市现任首席数字官斯里・斯里尼文森说,“我们的竞争对手既不是古根海姆博物馆,也不是美国自然历史博物馆,而是奈飞公司和糖果传奇。”

接受手机存在的事实后,博物馆负责人开始思索如何与科技齐头并进。其中一个方法就是设计手机应用软件,能让参观者查找到附加信息。比如,布鲁克林博物馆设计了一款手机应用软件,让馆内用户针对某一艺术品,向馆长进行实时提问。此外,包括古根海姆博物馆和大都会博物馆在内的几家博物馆都配备了信标技术,通过蓝牙追踪参观者在馆内的足迹,并通过应用软件向他们展示附加信息。信标技术能提供展品的详细历史信息,也可以指出某一画作或画廊的具体方位。

斯里尼文森指出,如果博物馆应用软件搭载全球定位系统技术,参观者便能制定自己的参观路线,就像现在他们通过谷歌地图规划通勤路线一样。这样,参观者就不会在埃及馆迷路,也不用一个劲儿地盯着纸质地图,寻找莫奈的《日出》。

博物馆内允许使用手机,也将鼓励更多的美术馆推出沉浸式、便于拍照分享的展览。纽约现代艺术博物馆的“雨屋”,营造出一片阴郁的灰色空间,半空中滴落的水珠将其照亮。而伦威克画廊的“奇迹”,则是一组富有生机、房间大小的装置艺术品。这两次展览所取得的惊人成功,表明社交媒体已成为十分有效的营销工具。一些博物馆甚至在布展时就会考虑到业余摄影师(指观众)之需。“人们欣赏艺术品的方式已然改变,因此,我们安排这些展品的方法也要随之改变,”惠特尼美国艺术博物馆永久藏品部负责人戴纳・米勒如是说。

2. 历史和艺术,更贴近现实

博物馆里的“增强现实技术”一般为手机应用软件,借助手机相机让画作栩栩如生,或是鼓励参观者通过竞相“收集”手工艺品或“累积”观赏体验来了解历史。皇家安大略博物馆尝试使用增强现实技术,使恐龙骨架变得有血有肉,并使用投影仪投射出动态野兽的影像,跟随参观者参观。南加利福尼亚大学的一个项目正在收集纳粹大屠杀幸存者的证词,以便制作能够回答参观者问题的3D全息图。

同样,虚M现实技术也有望成为博物馆游览体验的一部分。大英博物馆开创性地使用虚拟现实头盔式耳机,让参观者在馆内就可“亲临”青铜器时期的民居,或是欣赏数千年前的帕特农神庙。在史密森尼博物馆新建的国立非裔美国人历史和文化博物馆里,参观者借助虚拟现实技术,就能获得潜入水下搜寻奴隶贩运船的体验。“虚拟技术能帮助人们记住的是,他们现在体验的一切都曾经真实发生过。”博物馆馆长朗尼・邦奇说,“这样做的目的是让历史更人性化。”

3. 口袋里的博物馆

有些博物馆将馆内全部藏品上线。惠特尼美国艺术博物馆的戴纳・米勒说,起初,博物馆馆长们担心这样做会使参观人数变少,但事实证明,参观人数不减反增。阿姆斯特丹国立博物馆更加超前,该馆将藏品数据对外开放,以方便人们复制、编辑甚至是把玩艺术品。诸如大都会博物馆、大英博物馆和史密森尼博物馆这样的机构,都鼓励人们下载馆内藏品的具体信息,以便利用3D打印技术仿制出馆藏艺术品。

这样做不只是为了吸引更多参观者走进博物馆,更重要的是能方便那些不能来馆的人群。2011年,谷歌艺术工程启动,将全球众多大型艺术机构的藏品以超高清图片的形式上线。截止到目前,这项工程已展出6,000多名艺术家藏于250多家博物馆内的作品。去年7月,谷歌更新了“艺术与文化”应用软件,用户只要头戴谷歌提供的纸板耳机,就能畅游全球20所博物馆和历史景点。未来,一些博物馆或许将不再有实体馆,而是会制作数字展览,并依据全球范围的展事及时进行更新。

4. 艺术将适应于观赏者

几千年来,人们都在用同一种方法的不同形式创造艺术――在平面上作画,用材料塑造雕像。但是,现在的艺术家却越来越多地尝试使用像素、运算法则和3D打印等一系列技术工具来创作。他们创作的作品不断发展演变,并与周边环境相呼应。

2013年,国家肖像美术馆受托制作了谷歌创始人谢尔盖・布林和拉里・佩奇的肖像,其中一部分展现为让人们看见两人的话语在谷歌搜索引擎里滚动。而伦敦萨默塞特宫举办了关于歌手、艺术家比约克的新展览,运用虚拟现实技术,使参观者在聆听她的歌声时,犹如置身冰岛一处荒凉沙滩,甚至可以在她唱歌时到她嘴里一探究竟。

想象一下,当人们漫步画廊时,借助传感器的雕塑也在四处移动,艺术品根据环境在发生变化。这样,博物馆的“回头客”每次都能获得不同的体验。沉浸式装置艺术品已经可以利用光线变化和视觉错觉扭曲现实和观感。同样,博物馆也会利用技术做同样的事情,并取得更戏剧化的效果。

参观者本身也可能成为艺术的一部分。2015年,伦敦设计博物馆举办了一次展览,使用隐藏摄像机拍摄下驻足欣赏艺术品的人们,随后将这组“肖像照”展示给这些当时毫不知情的参观者。最近,惠特尼美国艺术博物馆也举办了一场展览。这次展览由电影制片人劳拉・珀特阿斯组织,她收集了所有使用馆内无线网络的参观人群的数据信息,然后在这些人离开博物馆时将信息展示给他们。这两次展览都说明了一点,即我们都会留下电子足迹。

正如美国国会图书馆将推特的全部档案收录为永久馆藏,博物馆将收藏越来越多的非实体艺术品,留下更加生动、丰富的21世纪影像。未来时代的参观者必将为之惊叹不已。

1. Whitney Museum of American Art: 惠特尼美国艺术博物馆,位于纽约市曼哈顿区;retrospective:(艺术家的)作品回顾展;Frank Stella: 弗兰克・斯特拉(1936― ),美国画家,以抽象作品而闻名,他朴素的几何画使其成为20世纪60年代极简抽象艺术运动的领导者。

2. Instagram: 是一个免费提供在线图片及视频分享的社交应用,Instagram取自“即时”(instant)与“电报”(telegram)两个词;a riot of:(色彩等)丰富多样;relief: 浮雕;jagged:凹凸不平的;graffiti: 涂鸦。

3. grapple with: 努力解决。

4. obsolete: 废弃的,过时的。

5. curate: v. 担任(展览)的负责人。

6. Metropolitan Museum of Art: 大都会艺术博物馆,是美国最大的艺术博物馆,是与英国伦敦的大英博物馆、法国巴黎的卢浮宫、俄罗斯圣彼得堡的艾尔米塔什博物馆齐名的世界四大博物馆之一。

7. monumental: 丰碑式的,伟大而不朽的;entreat: 乞求,恳求。

8. omnipresent: 无所不在的,普遍存在的。

9. Guggenheim: 古根海姆博物馆,是世界上最著名的私人现代术博物馆之一,也是全球性的一家以连锁方式经营的艺术场馆。

10. Netflix: 奈飞,一家在世界多国提供网络视频点播的公司,并在美国经营DVD出租服务。

11. Candy Crush: Candy Crush Saga,糖果传奇,由瑞典网络游戏公司King Digital开发的宝石方块类型的游戏。

12. immersive: 沉浸式的。

13. staggering: 令人震惊的,难以置信的;illuminate: 照明,照亮;Renwick Gallery:伦威克画廊,有着“美国卢浮宫”的称号,主要展出的是美国19至21世纪的艺术作品;installation: 装置艺术品。

14. augment: 提高,加强。

15. The Royal Ontario Museum: 皇家安大略博物馆,位于加拿大安大略省多伦多市中心,是北美洲第五大博物馆。

16. holocaust: (二战期间纳粹对犹太人的)大屠杀;hologram:(尤指用激光制作的)(立体)全息图,是一种三维图像。

17. virtual reality: 虚拟现实,该技术是一种可以创建和体验虚拟世界的计算机仿真系统。

18. the British Museum: 大英博物馆,又名不列颠博物馆,1759年1月15日起正式对公众开放,是世界上历史最悠久、规模最宏伟的综合性博物馆,也是世界著名的世界四大博物馆之一;Bronze Age: 青铜器时代(石器时代后、铁器时代前的一个时代),在考古学上是以使用青铜器为标志的人类文化发展的一个阶段;Parthenon: 帕特农神庙,是希腊雅典卫城最重要的主体建筑,1687年因战争遭到破坏,如今只有一座石柱外壳,一直处在修复之中。

19. Smithsonian: 史密森尼博物院(Smithsonian Institution)是世界最大的博物馆体系,它所属的16所博物馆中保管着一亿四千多万件艺术珍品和珍贵的标本,同时,它也是一个研究中心,从事公共教育、国民服务以及艺术、科学和历史各方面的研究。

20. deter: 阻止,制止。

21. Rijksmuseum: 阿姆斯特丹国立博物馆,是荷兰最大的博物馆,也是世界十大博物馆之一,以收藏伦勃朗、维米尔、哈尔斯等荷兰“黄金年代”艺术巨匠的精品著称。

22. replica: 复制品。

23. commission: 委托制作;render:(以某种方式)表达,展现。

24. London’s Somerset House: 萨默塞特宫,是15世纪一座巨大的都铎王朝的宫殿,18世纪成为英国一些重要团体组织的总部。

25. London’s Design Museum: 英国伦敦设计博物馆,是世界上第一个以设计为主题的博物馆,1989年成立,因其收藏,研究并展示卓越的现当代设计作品而赢得了广泛赞誉和支持;unwitting:不知不觉的,非故意的。

26. Library of Congress: 美国国会图书馆,建于1800年,已成为世界上最大的知识宝库,也是美国最大的稀有书籍珍藏地点。