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一、不作状语的时间或地点名词作为先行词
先行词表示时间或地点时,如果在从句中作状语,应由when或where引导定语从句。但是,如果表示时间或地点的先行词在从句中不作状语,而作主语或宾语,就只能由which或that而不能由when或where引导定语从句。
例1 The exact year _______ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
A. when B. where C. why D. which
解析:先行词是the exact year,定语从句中的动词spent后面缺少宾语,所以使用关系代词which引导这个定语从句,并在从句中作宾语。where,when和why通常在从句中作状语。答案为D。
二、整个主句作先行词
先行词多为单个的名词、代词或名词短语,但有时也用整个主句作先行词,此时用which或as引导定语从句。as引导定语从句时,表示“正如”。整个主句作先行词时,先行词的识别难度加大。
例2 Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and T-shirt,_______ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.
A. this B. that C. what D. which
解析:句中的关系代词which指代前面整个主句的内容,引导非限制性定语从句,并在从句中作主语。that不能引导非限制性定语从句,this和what不能引导定语从句。答案为D。
三、将先行词置身于其他性质的名词中
如果从句前只有充当先行词的单一名词,先行词的识别难度不大,但如果在充当先行词的名词前后加一些性质不同的名词,先行词的识别难度就会加大。
例3 I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week,_______ my classmates recommended to me.
A. who B. which C. when D. where
解析:分析句子结构可知,先行词the book Sherlock Holmes 与修饰它的定语从句被 from the library last week隔开。在定语从句中which指代先行词,作定语从句中谓语动词recommended的宾语。C、D项是关系副词,只能在从句中作状语。who引导的定语从句的先行词通常都是指人的名词。答案为B。
四、看起来不像表示时间或地点的名词却在从句中作时间状语或地点状语的先行词
用when或where引导定语从句时,先行词分别表示时间或地点,并在从句中分别作时间状语或地点状语。但高考英语单项填空题中常设计的先行词在从句中充当时间状语或地点状语,而先行词看起来却不像表示时间或地点的名词,这就增加了考生识别先行词的难度。
例4 The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication,especially at work _______ a good impression is a must.
A. which B. when C. as D. where
解析:先行词是at work,定语从句的句子结构完整,所以使用关系副词,在句中作状语。A、C项都是关系代词,在从句中不能作状语。when引导的定语从句的先行词通常都是指时间的名词。答案为D。
五、用主句谓语动词将定语从句与先行词隔开
定语从句多放在先行词的后面,如果将主句谓语动词提前,它与先行词就被隔开了,这样识别先行词的难度就会加大。
例5 After the flooding, people were suffering in that area,_______ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.
A. which B. who C. where D. what
解析:先行词是people,而不是area,在非限制性定语从句中充当主语且指人,所以用关系代词who引导。答案为B。
六、定语从句和插入语混合使用中的先行词
在定语从句中使用一个插入短语,使句子表达更加灵活。这样设计增加了考生识别先行词和先行词在从句中充当句子成分的难度。
例6 Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _______,for some reason,had withdrawn from all human society.
A. which B. who C. where D. whom
解析:Ellen是先行词,在从句中作主语。由于受插入语for some reason的影响,考生难以判断先行词在从句中充当的句子成分。who引导非限制性定语从句,在从句中作主语,修饰先行词Ellen。答案为B。
七、“介词+whom/which”中与介词搭配的先行词
当关系代词在定语从句中充当介词的宾语时,用“介词+whom/which”引导定语从句。该类定语从句题的难点是怎样选择介词,而介词的确定是根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯来确定的,所以解该类题的重点是识别定语从句的先行词。
例7 The English play _______ my students acted at the New Year’s party was great success.
A. for which B. at which
C. in which D. on which
解析:先行词是the English play,在定语从句中用which指代先行词,作不及物动词acted的宾语,前面要加介词in。答案为C。
八、定语从句和强调句型混用的先行词
强调句型中的被强调部分是在句中充当主语、宾语或状语的名词或代词,而定语从句中的先行词也是名词或代词。考生在解该类题时必须先确定名词或代词是强调句型中的被强调部分,还是定语从句中的先行词。
例8 ―Have you seen the film Under the Hawthorn Tree?
―Of course,I have. It was in our village _______ it was made.
A. that B. where C. when D. which
解析:本句是强调句,被强调的部分是地点状语in our village。部分考生误认为该句是定语从句,误把village当作先行词而误选B。答案为A。
九、定语从句与复合句混合使用中的先行词
有些考题把主从复合句作为先行词,定语从句放在主从复合句的中间,把主从复合句的主句和从句隔开,从而增加了考生识别主从复合句作先行词的难度。
例9 When deeply absorbed in work,_______ he often was,he would forget all about eating or sleeping.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
解析:“_______ he often was”为非限制性定语从句,先行词为整个主从复合句。关系词在定语从句中作表语,用which引导。A项不能引导非限制性定语从句, C、D项引导定语从句时,在从句中作状语。答案为B。
十、非限制性定语从句插入主句中的先行词
非限制性定语从句通常用逗号与主句隔开,可位于句首、句中或句末。但如果主句为先行词,并且把非限制性定语从句插入主句中,就增加了考生识别先行词的难度。
例10 The air quality in the city,_______ is shown in the report,has improved over the past two months.
A. that B. it C. as D. what
解析:先行词是整个主句,把非限制性定语从句放在句首后句子结构就很清楚:_______ is shown in the report,the air quality in the city has improved over the past two months.答案为C。