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形意不一,似是而非

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我们在阅读英文书刊、文章时,常常会碰到一些形式和意义无法统一的语言现象,本文试就这些现象归纳如下。

一、形肯意否现象

1.动词

英语句子里如果有fail,lack,cease,ignore,miss,prevent...from,keep...from,keep off等动词或词组,则肯定形式表达否定意义。例如:

1)We waited half an hour,but the bus failed to arrive.我们等了半个小时,但公共汽车却没有来。

2)He lacks care in his work;it’s never well-done.他工作不太认真,从来没做好。

3)They’re trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children in fact prevents children from learning soon.他们正在试图查明,在我们教孩子们学习语言的方法中是不是有什么东西实际上却让他们无法学得更快。

2.副词

在句中能表达否定意义的副词有too...to,hardly,scarcely,barely等。

1)For example,soon after I arrived there was a grass fire in a nearby village.我刚到不久,附近一个村子里的庄稼就遭了一场大火。

2)Your price is too high to be accepted.贵方的价格太高,不能接受。

3.介词或介词词组

如:

1)I’m in the dark about it.对此,我一无所知。

2)The old bridge is anything but safe.那座旧桥一点也不安全。

此外还有:beyond doubt(毫无疑问),beyond one’s reach(够不着),beyond comparison(不可比拟),out of control(控制不住),out of place(不合适宜)等。

4.连词

如:

1)He cut in before I finished my remarks.我还没来得及说完,他便打断了我的话。

2)I felt especially pleased with my wonderful bargain until I got back to the ship.

我对这桩出色的买卖特别高兴,可是回到船上这股高兴劲就没有了。

5.隐性否定意义

1)I used to go to work by bike.(It implies that I don’t go to work by bike now.)

2)You could have made a more detailed plan.(It implies that you didn’t make a more detailed plan actually.)

3)He ought to have seen a doctor about his headache a week ago.(It implies that he didn’t see a doctor a week ago.)

二、形否意肯现象

1.If+否定句

1)If that isn’t what I want!我想要的正是这个。

2)Well,if I haven’t left my key at home!真倒霉,我竟然把钥匙丢在家里。

2.否定感叹句或修辞问句

1)Aren’t you fortunate!你好幸运!

2)Don’t you know that air,food and water are dispensable to life?你当然知道空气、食物和水对生命是必不可少的。

3.nothing if not

此结构常用来表“极其,非常”之意。例如:

1)He was nothing if not stubborn.他这个人非常顽固。

2)The young man was nothing if not sophisticated.这年轻人够老练的了。

4.can’t+do/be+too/over+a./ad./p.p.

这是表达强烈的肯定语气的否定结构,意为“越……越好”;“……总嫌不过分”。其中can后面也可以用其他否定词,如hardly,scarcely,never等来代替not。例如:

1)I can’t thank you so much.我真是太感谢你了。

2)You cannot begin to learn English too early.你学英语开始得越早越好。

3)The value of this book cannot be overestimated. 这本书的价值无论估计得多高也不过分。

5.no less than

表示“不是别人,就是……本人”;“和……一样”。

1)It was no less person than John.那正是约翰本人。

2)She has no less than $1000 in her pocket.她口袋里竟有一千美元之多。

3)He is no less active than he used to be.他和以前一样活跃。

6.某些含never,no,nothing,none等的句子

1)His speech leaves no room to be desired.他的演讲棒极了。

2)The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him in tribulation.在苦难中,重返故国的念头始终伴着他。

3)We are no closer to the truth.我们离真理仍很遥远。

4)I can’t really afford it,but I want to buy it none the less.我确实买不起,可是我还是想把它买下。

三、形主动意被动

1.有些动词如require,need,want,deserve,stand(bear)等常接动名词主动形式表被动意义,如:

1)The teaching plan requires further discussing(=to be discussed).

2)The floor needs cleaning(=to be cleaned).

另:形容词worth+doing也表被动意义。如:

The experiment was worth trying in order to find a better solution to the problem.

2.adj.+to do结构,这类形容词有impossible, easy, hard, difficult, interesting, comfortable, convenient, dangerous, simple, pleasant, awkward等。结构中to do是主动形式表被动意义。例如:

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1)Fusion operation is difficult to bring about.聚变难于产生。

2)We also mean all the things too far away to see.我们也指那些太遥远而看不见的东西。

四、形复数意单数

1.一些表“学科”的单词,常以复数形式表单数意义。如:linguistics,mathematics,electronics,mechanics,physics,plastics,politics,statistics,informatics等。

1)Linguistics has developed rapidly in modern times.语言在现代已经迅速地发展起来了。

2)Physics was the only course she failed in.她仅有物理不及格。

3)Is statistics really a science?统计学真的是一门学科吗?

2.一些游戏名称,如billiards, bowls,dominoes,draughts,fives等表单数意义。

1)Billiards is Mr.Fox’s favorite recreation.台球戏是福克斯最喜欢的娱乐活动。

2)Bowls fills a vacancy in US sports. It can be played by persons of middle age or past.滚球填补了美国运动项目的一项空白。这是一项中老年人都可以参加的运动。

3)In some parts of the British Isles,dominoes is the principal game.在英伦岛的一些地方,多米诺骨牌是一项主要游戏活动。

3.一些疾病名称,如measles, mumps, rickets, diabetes, arthritis, phlebitis等表单数意义。

1)Mumps is an unpleasant ailment.流行性腮腺炎是一种讨厌的病痛。

2)Generally measles occurs in children.麻疹一般出现在小孩子身上。

3)Diabetes is a common disease for the middle-aged and the aged.糖尿病是中老年人的一种常见病。

4.一些专有名称,如the United States,the United Nations,the Netherlands等。

1)The United States says airlines have to be armed.美国声称所有航线要加强警戒。

2)The New York Times is published daily.《纽约时报》每日发行。

五、形单数意复数

many a+单数名词;more than one+单数名词常表复数意义。

1)Many a comrade has(Many comrades have)given his life for the people.

2)More than one man is(A lot of people are)going to visit the school.

参考文献:

[1]章振邦主编.新编英语语法.上海译文出版社,1981.

[2]董亚芬主编.大学英语(1―4册).上海外语教育出版社,1999.

[3]陆国强编著.现代英语表达与理解.上海译文出版社,1984.

[4]朗文英汉双解词典.外语教学与研究出版社,1998.

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