Hu E Bu Quan

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During the late Jin dynasty， there were several short-lived sovereign states in chaotic China set up by northern nomadic peoples， namely the states of Han Zhao （or Former Zhao）， Later Zhao， Cheng Han， Former Liang， Later Liang， Northern Liang， Western Liang， Southern Liang， Former Yan， Later Yan， Northern Yan， Southern Yan， Former Qin， Later Qin and Western Qin and Xia， which were called as the Sixteen Kingdoms.

In 318 AD， Liu Yao， a member of Xiongnu nobility， became the emperor of the Xiongnu state that was set up by his uncle and adoptive father Liu Yuan， after suppressing a coup by a powerful minister named Jin Zhun in which most other members of the imperial Liu clan were massacred in the capital Pingyang， today’s Linfen City in Shanxi Province.

As Pingyang was almost in ruins after the war， Liu Yao establish a new capital in Chang’an， today’s Xi’an City， the capital of Shanxi Province， and changed the formal name of his state from Han to Zhao.

However， Shi Le， a member of Jie Tribe who was sold as a slave by Jin officials at a young age but later became a powerful general during Liu Yuan’s reign and participated in the suppression of the coup， was very discontented with Liu Yao’s usurpation， biding his time to kill him and take over the state.

After several wars with Shi Le， Liu Yao found his military strength weakened and decided to buy over Shi Le and draw him over to his side. Liu Yao appointed his confidant Guo Si as envoy to create Shi Le the Prince of Zhao.

Shi Le accepted the title and sent Wang Xiu as envoy to pay tribute to Liu Yao as an act of expressing thanks. However， Liu Yao’s subordinate named Cao Ping who was once Shi Le’s follower said to Liu Yao that the reason that Shi Le sent Wang Xiu as envoy to Chang’an was to pry into our information rather than to express thanks.

After listening Cao’s words， Liu Yao decapitated Wang Xiu out of anger， and revoke Shi Le’s title of the Prince of Zhao.

Knowing what Liu Yao has done， Shi Le was so indignant that he ordered his soldiers to kill Cao Ping’s relatives and called his followers together， saying： “Sending Wang Xiu as envoy to Chang’an is to make peace with Liu Yao again， without other intentions. However， Liu Yao still sticks to his wickedness without repentance and kills Wang Xiu who represents me to express my sincerity. Liu Yao has done so many unforgivable sins. Therefore， I decided to make myself emperor too！”

Thereupon， Shi Le declared himself Emperor of Zhao and set up government departments. In 329， Shi Le captured and executed Liu Yao and then set up the Later Zhao regime.