首页 > 范文大全 > 正文

例析英语独立主格结构

开篇:润墨网以专业的文秘视角,为您筛选了一篇例析英语独立主格结构范文,如需获取更多写作素材,在线客服老师一对一协助。欢迎您的阅读与分享!

在用英语表达复杂信息时,我们除了运用结构复杂的句子之外,还可以使用独立主格结构。独立主格结构往往渊源于并列句、状语从句等。那么,什么是独立主格结构?它是怎样由省略的方式发展而来的呢?

一、独立主格结构的含义及其特点

1.含义。独立主格结构是指一种具有独立的逻辑主语,且无连词也无谓语,能够表达相对完整语意的状语结构,它由逗号与中心句隔开。独立主格结构的公式是:“名词或主格代词+名形介副非谓语。”这里的“名形介副非谓语”是指起着补语作用的名词、形容词、介词短语、副词、非谓语动词(to do, doing,done),补充说明某个人或物的位置、状态或动作特征。

2.特点。根据上述独立主格结构的定义,我们知道独立主格结构应同时具备以下五个特点:独立的逻辑主语;无连词无谓语;语意相对完整;由逗号与中心句隔开;作状语。例如,Tom being ill,mother had to stay at home and look after him. 句中的独立主格结构“Tom being ill”具有自己独立的主语Tom(而不是Mother),非谓语动词结构being ill作为补语,补充说明Tom的状态;它与主句之间没有连词连接,只是由起语音停顿作用的逗号隔开;整个结构表达了“汤姆生病”这样一个相对完整的语意;该结构作为状语,表述了“母亲必须呆在家照看他”的原因。

3.独立主格结构在句中的位置很灵活,依据语意逻辑和表达需要,它可以位于中心句之前、之中或之后。根据定义,独立主格结构在句中只能起一种作用,即状语,表示主句所述事情发生的时间、原因、伴随、条件、方式等。

我们以名词作逻辑主语为例,来说明独立主格结构的作用及其不同表达式和位置:

(1)名词+名词:I received many gifts,many of them books.(伴随状语)

(2)名词+形容词:The Trojans asleep, the soldiers crept out.(时间状语)

(3)名词+介词短语:Our English teacher came in, no book in hand.(伴随状语)

(4)名词+副词:Marry out, I couldn’t get her help.(原因状语)

(5)名词+to do:Lots of work to do,I have to stay home all day.(原因状语)

(6)名词+doing: Weather permitting, we will go outing tomorrow.(条件状语)

(7)名词+done:She listened to the lecture, all her attention fixed upon it.(方式状语)

在表示“存在有”概念时,我们可以使用there be句型的独立主格结构There being...例如:There being no time left, we had to speed up.

4.在应用独立主格结构时,我们经常遇到being和having been 是否可以省略的问题。一般来说,当补语为形容词、介词短语、副词、过去分词等时,该结构中的being和having been 都可以省略,例如:

All the windows(being) open, the air in the room is much fresher.

All the tickets(having been)sold out, we had to wait for the next show.

但是,以下两种情况下,being和having been不可省略:一是表示“正在被”的being done 结构;二是逻辑主语为it,there时。例如:

Food being cooked,I fell asleep.

It being bad,we will put off holding the sports meeting.

There being/having been no bus, we had to walk home.

二、独立主格结构的渊源

独立主格结构是由并列分句、状语从句、作状语的with复合结构等通过省略的方式发展而来。

1.当并列分句的主语不一致,或状语从句的主语与主句的主语不一致时,将该分句或从句的连词省去,同时将其谓语动词变成非谓语(其中,be动词又可以直接省略),即可得到独立主格结构。例如:

(1)The boy was knocked down and blood streamed down his head.

The boy was knocked down, blood streaming down his head.(由第二个并列分句而来)

(2)If such is the case, we can go home now.

Such being the case, we can go home now. (由条件状语从句省略而来)

2.作状语的with复合结构也可以通过省略方式形成独立主格结构。with复合结构的公式是“with/without+复合宾语”,即“with+宾语+宾补(名形介副非谓语)”。对于with复合结构变成独立主格结构的问题,我们要注意以下两点:一是with复合结构作定语或状语,只有该结构作状语时才可以转化成独立主格结构;二是转化方法,去掉介词with,同时将宾语形式变成主语形式。例如:

(1)With the task finished, they went out for lunch. (with + 名词+ done,时间或原因状语)

Time going by,you’ll realize the importance of knowledge.

(2)Without anybody noticing, he stole into the room.(with +代词+doing,时间或伴随状语)

Nobody noticing, he stole into the room. (注意:在去掉without时,应保留否定含义)

(3)With his first shot failure, he fired again. (with+名词+名词,时间或原因状语)

His first shot failure, he fired again.