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关爱大脑,好好睡觉

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I’m sure a lot of subway riders are skilled nappers, but this car seemed to be particularly talented. Going over the Brooklyn Bridge on a recent morning, just as the sun was coming up, a row of men in nearly identical black suits held on to the straps with their eyes closed. Their necks were bent at the slightest of angles, like a row of daisies in a breeze, and as the car clanged over the tracks and the sun pierced through the 1)grimy train windows, it finally 2)dawned on me that they were all sound asleep. Not even the bumps and the light could stop them from sneaking in 15 more minutes of shut-eye before work.

We take it for granted, but most people have to wake up for work (or school or other morning obligations) long before they want to. 3)Sleeping in is treated as a cherished luxury―it’s somehow become normal that people wake up still exhausted, and anything but is a notable exception.

But rising before the body wants to affects not only morale and energy, but brain function as well.

“The practice of going to sleep and waking up at‘unnatural’ times could be the most prevalent high-risk behavior in modern society,” writes Till Roenneberg, a professor of 4)chronobiology at the Institute of Medical Psychology at 5)Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munch.

In fact, according to Roenneberg’s groundbreaking study in Current Biology, about one-third of people living in first-world countries are required to wake up two hours before their 6)circadian clocks, or “natural waking times,” and 69 percent of people have to wake up one hour before their bodies would like them to.

Of course, different people require different amounts of sleep, and, although there’s no universal rule for how long we should all be sleeping, it’s becoming increasingly clear that working late and waking early can cause serious problems. It’s not just repeated sleep deprivation that 7)does people in, either. Just one restless night can seriously affect us in the morning.

Getting less than five hours of sleep a night makes people dumber and less able to concentrate, and it can make people more 8)susceptible to false memories, according to a new study published in the September issue of Psychological Science. Led by Steven J. Frenda of the University of California, Irvine, the study found that of the 193 people tested, participants who slept for less than five hours a night were significantly more likely to say they had seen a news video when they in fact never had. The sleep-deprived group was also more suggestible. While recounting a personal story, 38 percent of them incorporated false information the researchers had given them, whereas only 28 percent of those who had more than five hours of sleep accepted the researchers’false information in their story retelling. Frenda and his researchers 9)postulate that not sleeping enough significantly disturbs our ability to encode information.

虽然我们视之为理所当然,但是许多人都不得不早早起来工作(或者上学,或者做其他早务),尽管他们还不想起床。睡懒觉被视为珍贵的奢侈品―不知为何,人们拖着疲惫的身躯被迫起床已变成了家常便饭、极为稀松平常之事。

但是在身体愿意苏醒前挣扎起床不仅会影响人的士气和精力,还会影响大脑的运转。

“在‘不正常’的时间点睡觉和起床可能是现代人最普遍的不健康行为,”提尔・罗内伯格这样写道,他是慕尼黑大学医学心理学院生物钟学的一名教授。

事实上,根据罗内伯格在《当前生物学》上发表的具有突破性的研究报告显示,在第一世界国家有三分之一的人的起床时间得比他们的生物钟起床时间,或者说“自然醒时间”提前两个小时,69%的人得提前一个小时。

当然,不同的人所需要的睡眠量并不一样,然而,尽管并没有普遍的规律表明我们必须得睡够多长时间,但是越来越多的证据显示,迟睡早起会引起严重的问题。也并不是说只有长期的睡眠不足才会影响人们的健康,一个不眠之夜就会影响到我们第二天早上的精神状况。

一项发表在《心理科学》9月号的新研究表明,一晚获得少于五小时的睡眠时间会使人反应迟钝、注意力下降以及记忆错乱。该项研究由加利福尼亚大学欧文分校的史蒂芬・J・弗兰达带头主持。在参加测试的193人中,每晚睡眠时间少于五小时的人显然更容易误以为自己看过某个新闻视频,但实际上他们并没有看过。睡眠不足的一组也更容易受到心理暗示的影响。当他们在复述个人故事时,有38%的人混淆了研究人员提供给他们的错误信息,然而,在睡眠时间超过五小时的人当中,只有28%的人会出现上述情况。弗兰达和他的研究组员假定睡眠不足会严重地影响到我们编码信息的能力。

他们也对证人在法庭上所作的证词的合理性产生质疑,在该项研究中,许多人―特别是睡眠不足的人―出现了记忆错乱的情况。如果某人在出庭前一晚没有睡觉的话,那么似乎他记错案件情形的机率就更高了。

然而,睡眠的重要性并不仅仅体现在出庭或者上班的时候。在学习上,根据一项在2001年发表在《科学》上的研究表明,睡得多的学生会比睡得少的学生更能记住前一天的学习内容。此外,2014年的一项研究也证实,睡得更多,分数更高。在考试前一晚的睡眠时间为七个小时的学生,在经济学、语言学、以及数学的测试当中的分数,都比睡眠时间只有六个小时的学生高出9%。

少于五个或者六个小时的睡眠时间也会导致人们在学习动作序列时表现得不尽人意。所以,在学钢琴前,请先要保证自己获得适当的睡眠。

但是,要压倒脑子和身体对睡眠的渴望,这还是有可能的。研究表明,人们只要对自己说已经睡够了,就能暂时骗过自己的大脑。当然,持续不断的睡眠不足最终还是会引发问题,但是告诉自己睡够了,你会感到神清气爽(即使事实并非如此),在早上的认知能力也有所提高,这一点在那些自欺欺人的测试者身上已得到证实,他们明显在口头表达以及神经处理的测试中获得了更高的分数。

在地铁上熟睡的乘客也是有所收获的。尽管度过了一个睡眠糟糕的夜晚,但是一次十分钟的小憩却可以大大地提高人们在短时间内的机敏程度和解决问题的能力。

当我们到达钱伯斯街地铁站时,身着正装的男男女女似乎本能地知道他们已经到达了目的地。他们不约而同地睁开双眼,强迫自己保持清醒。有些人轻拍双颊,有些人轻揉双眼以及太阳穴。然后,像是扯线木偶一般,他们挺直腰脊,眼望前方,提着自己的公文包,走出车门,跨上站台,踏上楼梯,走到那已然喧闹清醒的大街上。