让儿童远离铅污染
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On October 20-26， the International Lead Poisoning Prevention Week of Action was held as scheduled. The year’s theme is “Lead-Free Kids for a Healthy Future”. At present， there are many events of lead poisoning in children around the world. It is reported that lead exposure leads to 143，000 deaths every year. For this reason， WHO and governments take relevant measures to prevent lead poisoning of children. For example， 30 countries in the world have already phased out the use of lead paint. The Global Alliance to Eliminate Lead Paint， co-led by WHO and UNEP， has set a target for 70 countries to stop using lead paint by 2015. Is disusing lead paint the solution to the problem？ The reporter’s interviews show that it is far from enough to protect the children from lead poisoning.
10月20日―26日，“预防铅中毒国际宣传运动周”如期举行，今年的主题是“为了健康的未来，让儿童远离铅”。目前，全球已发生多起儿童铅中毒事件。据悉，铅接触每年造成14.3万例死亡事件。为此，世卫组织和各国政府都采取了相应措施预防和避免儿童铅中毒事件。比如，全世界已有30个国家逐步停止使用含铅涂料。世卫组织和联合国环境署共同领导的消除含铅涂料全球联盟也设定了目标，即2015年以前在70个国家停止使用含铅涂料。仅仅停止使用含铅涂料就是问题的解决之道吗？在记者的走访中发现，要想让儿童免受铅的侵害，要做的远非如此。
Prevention starts from details
预防从细节开始
There are many ways that children can be exposed to lead. As to lead in drinking water， experts suggest that faucets with low lead content or without lead should be used. At the beginning of every morning tap water from faucets has more lead， so water should be used after 3-5 minutes’ flow so that it can effectively prevent children from lead poisoning.
Experts suggest that children should not often wear silver ornaments. Children under 14 wearing bracelets containing lead for a long time will lead to skin allergy or even lead poisoning to affect their healthy growing. Geological Testing Center in Guangdong Province carried out a sampling inspection for the products of children’s ornaments in wholesale markets， and found that nearly half of the products had harmful elements like lead and stibium that exceed the national standard.
It is of the same importance to develop a good living habit. According to some statistics， washing hands once can eliminate 90% of lead on hands. Therefore， children should develop the good habit of washing hands before and after meals. Because most children like to scratch and touch anything casually on the ground， their fingernails will have lead dust easily and children should trim their nails frequently. Children should use less inferior crockery and stationery and infant food and tableware should have covers to prevent dust.
在儿童铅接触的诸多方面中，对于饮用水中含铅的问题，专家建议，要尽量使用含铅量低或者无铅水龙头。早晨经水龙头放出的自来水含铅较多，应待水放出3-5分钟后再使用，这样能有效防止儿童铅中毒。
对于不少儿童佩戴银饰的习惯，专家则建议尽量少让其使用。14岁以下儿童长期佩戴铅含量的手镯，会引起皮肤过敏，重症者会引发铅中毒，危害儿童健康成长。据广东省地质试验检测中心对广州市儿童银首饰批发市场的产品进行专项抽样检测中发现，近半数的银首饰样品的铅、锑等有害元素含量超出国家标准。
养成良好的生活习惯同样重要。有人做过统计，洗手一次可消除约90%附着在手上的铅。因此，要让儿童养成饭前饭后勤洗手的良好习惯。由于大部分儿童喜欢在地上乱抓、乱摸，所以指甲缝里特别容易藏匿铅尘，因此要让儿童勤剪指甲。对于劣质陶瓷餐具，如伪劣铅笔、蜡笔等假冒伪劣文具，应尽量让其少用，并且儿童食品及餐具应加罩防尘。
Besides， creating a lead-free environment for children should not be neglected. Zhu Changling， Director of China National Furniture Association， said that inferior oil paint and coating had the damage of excessive lead to children and floors and walls can’t be made without paint and coating. If lead paint is used， children’s health is seriously endangered. Baby cribs are the habitual residence of most three-year-old children. During the period of growing teeth， many children like to bite something at random. Therefore， the paint of baby crib cannot contain lead.
Nick Nuttall， the Communications Director and Spokesperson of UNEP and Director of Information Department， said， “In our modern times， parents paint their children's rooms in pleasant red， or give kids colorful toys. Frankly speaking， the parents themselves do not make any mistakes， but they put their children in the threat of dangerous and destructive chemical element -- lead. Therefore， we must choose lead-free paint for children’s rooms and toys must be regularly washed.”
此外，为儿童打造一个无铅环境亦不容忽视。中国家具协会理事长朱长岭表示，伪劣的油漆和涂料会对儿童造成铅超标的危害，比如家具地板、墙面等都离不开油漆涂料，如果使用了含铅涂料就会使儿童的健康存在严重的安全隐患。婴儿床是大部分三岁小孩的“常居地”，在长牙期间，很多小孩都喜欢乱啃东西，因此，婴儿床的油漆绝对不能含铅。
据联合国环境规划署新闻发言人、新闻司司长尼克・纳托尔介绍：“在我们这个时代，父母把他们孩子的房间涂成令人愉悦的红色，或者送给孩子们色彩缤纷的玩具。坦白地说，父母本身没有犯错，但是儿童却被置身于危险和破坏性的化学元素――铅的威胁当中。因此，儿童房一定要注意选择无铅的油漆或者涂料，玩具也一定要经常清洗。”
Prevention is based on publicity
宣传为预防之本
In addition to the details of prevention， the publicity of the damage of lead poisoning is also very important. On October 22nd， a report released by UNEP in International Lead Poisoning Awareness Week again suggested countries to take measure in three aspects to prevent lead poisoning. Raising awareness is one of the three actions. It is suggested to carry out activities all over the world and inform the public of the harms of lead exposure to human’s health， especially to children’s health.
During 1960s， the United States proposed that lead poisoning of children should be regarded as a public health problem and publicity education should be carried out. Japan also implemented the national “Lead-free Campaign” long time ago. The Chinese government has also begun to publicize the harms of lead poisoning and make corresponding measures. According to the media’s reports， the All-China Women’s Federation will pass the “publicizing the education on improving family drinking water for children” during the future 3 years. The activity will install water faucets without lead in 10，000 kindergartens for free in batches. Meanwhile， it will give out pamphlets of “family education on preventing children from lead harms” free of charge.
除了从细节预防之外，宣传铅毒的危害也同样重要。10月22日，联合国环境规划署在预防铅中毒国际行动周期间的一份报告中再次建议全球各国，从三个领域采取行动，预防铅中毒。提高公众意识就是三大行动之一，建议在各国开展信息活动，并应该告知公众铅暴露对人体健康的危害，尤其是对儿童的危害。
20世纪60年代，美国就有人提出应将儿童铅中毒作为公共卫生问题进行宣传教育。日本也早已实施了全国性的“零铅运动”。中国政府也开始了全面宣传铅毒的危害并指定了预防措施。据媒体报道，未来3年内，中国妇联将通过“婴幼儿家庭饮用水改善宣传教育活动”，分批次为全国一万所幼儿园免费更换无铅水龙头，并免费发放《预防儿童铅损伤家庭教育》宣传册。
At present， the United Nations calls on every country to adopt practical actions to raise people’s awareness of lead poisoning. Because of the economic conditions and national policies， great differences exist in the publicity of lead poisoning. However， the trend of resisting lead worldwide can be expected soon.
目前，联合国呼吁各国立即采取切实行动，提高民众对铅中毒的防范意识。然而，由于经济条件、国家政策等因素，世界各国对于铅毒危害的宣传仍存在较大差异，不过，形成全球抗“铅”的浪潮指日可待。
Dietary therapy is not late
食疗排铅为时不晚
For those children with excessive lead， experts suggest that the dietary therapy is the ideal way. The combination of the food with plenty of vitamin C and lead can generate hydrophobic substance which can be excreted with feces.
Therefore， in diet， parents should retain their children from eating puffed food， chips， preserved eggs， popcorns and those food with plenty of lead. On the contrary， they should encourage their children to eat more acid fruits with plenty of vitamin C， such as oranges， lemons， pomegranates， hawthorns， apples， strawberries， cabbages， and tomatoes. A child must intake at least 150mg vitamin C every day. Those who are lead poisoned need 200mg.
对于已经铅超标的儿童来说，专家建议，食疗排铅可能是较为理想的方法。含有丰富维生素C的食物与铅结合，能生成难溶于水的物质，从粪便中排出。
因此，在饮食上，父母应避免儿童食用膨化食品、薯条、皮蛋和爆米花等含铅较高的食品，应让他们多吃带酸味的水果，如橘子、柠檬、石榴、山楂、酸枣、苹果、草莓、鲜辣椒、卷心菜、蒜苗、雪里红、西红柿、菜花等含维生素C的产品。儿童每天应该至少摄入150毫克维生素C，已有铅中毒症状者需增至200毫克。
In addition， parents should let their children eat more food with plenty of protein and iron， such as eggs， milk lean meat， green vegetables and fruits， because protein and iron can combine with the organic matter in the tissue in place of lead， which can accelerate the metabolism of the lead.
另外，父母要让儿童多吃蛋白质丰富和含铁量多的食物。含优质蛋白质的食物如鸡蛋、牛奶和瘦肉等。含铁丰富的有绿叶菜和水果。因为，蛋白质和铁可取代铅与组织中的有机物结合，加速铅代谢。
Postscript：
后记：
When the headlines of the media are full of lead poisoning of children， when extensive accidents of lead poisoning of children take place in marginal areas， when lead poisoning becomes the focus of attention and hot topics of all the people， we cannot help cursing with fear and grief those black-hearted merchants. Feeling pity， we can just pray for sounder laws， more formal quality standards， and stricter examination processes. In addition， we should pay more attention to the diets and daily lives of children， especially those poor children living in remote areas. We must nip in the bud and give them a happy and healthy living space.
当儿童“铅中毒”字眼充斥于各大媒体的版面头条时，当大面积的儿童铅中毒事件一次次发生在边缘地区时，当铅中毒成为全民关注焦点、热议话题时，满怀恐惧和痛心的我们总忍不住咒骂那些无良商家。扼腕叹息之余，我们只能祈求法律更加健全、各种质量标准更加规范，各种检验流程更加严格。此外，我们还要多将目光投向孩子的饮食起居，特别是那些边远、贫穷的孩子身上。做到防患于未然，还他们一个快乐、健康的生活空间。