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炎性生物标记物在革兰氏阴性菌血流感染患者早期诊断的价值

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【摘要】目的 比较降钙素原、C反应蛋白、内毒素等炎性生物标记物对革兰氏阴性菌血流感染患者早期诊断的预测价值。方法 回顾性分析北京世纪坛医院病房住院的血培养阳性的革兰氏阴性菌感染患者79例,收集其性别、年龄、病情严重程度(APACHEⅡ评分)、血培养细菌种类等资料,同时分析这些患者入科6 h内的白细胞(WBC)计数、中性粒细胞(NEU)百分比、 C-反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、内毒素(endotoxin )的水平。结果 ①革兰氏阴性菌性血流感染患者的炎症生物标记物呈正相关的分别为PCT与endotoxin(r=0.916),PCT与CRP(r=0.496),CRP与endotoxin(r=0.387);且与APACHE Ⅱ呈明显相关(PCT/APACHE Ⅱ=0.408, endotoxin/APACHE Ⅱ=0.399, CRP/APACHE Ⅱ=0.425)。②受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)显示,在革兰氏阴性菌血流感染的脓毒症患者的AUCPCT=0.715(敏感性 64.6%,特异性80.7%),AUCCRP=0.666(敏感性67.7%, 特异性78.6%),AUCendotoxin=0.771(敏感性78.8%, 特异性81.8%);③ROC曲线显示,在革兰氏阴性菌血流感染的严重脓毒症/脓毒性休克患者的 AUCPCT=0.865(敏感性 86.2%,特异性77.5%),AUCCRP=0.733(敏感性72.4%, 特异性75.0%),AUCendotoxin=0.618(敏感性 70.7%,特异性67.5%)。结论 血清PCT、CRP、内毒素水平在革兰阴性菌血流感染患者早期诊断有预测价值,在脓毒症期内毒素最为特异,而严重脓毒症期或休克期,PCT最为特异,均与疾病的严重程度呈正相关。

【关键词】降钙素原;C-反应蛋白;内毒素;革兰氏阴性菌;血流感染;急性生理学与慢性健康状况Ⅱ评分

Value of inflammatory biomarkers in early diagnosis of bacteriemia patients infected with gram-negative bacteria Chen Wei, Zhao Lei, Wang Suozhu, Sheng Bo, Zhen Jie, Gu Xuyun. Department of Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China

Corresponding author: Chen wei, Email:

【Abstract】Objective To investigate the value of inflammatory biomarkers such as procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and endotoxin in early diagnosis of bacteriemia patients infected with gram-negative bacteria. Methods A cohort of 79 bacteriemia patients infected with gram-negative bacteria admitted from February 2011 to May 2013 were enrolled for retrospective study. Collected data for analysis included gender, age, disease severity (APACHEⅡ score), bacterial isolates from blood culture and other general information. The inflammatory biomarkers such as white blood cell (WBC), neutrophils (NEU), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and endotoxin were assayed within 6 hours after admission. SPSS version 16.0 software was used for statistical analysis. The test of normality was used for analysis of continuous variables, t-test for inter-group comparison and non-parametric statistics for non-normal distribution variables. The AUC of ROC was calculated for determining the sensitivity and specificity of biomarkers for diagnosis of bacteriemia. Results (1) Statistically positive correlations were found among serum PCT, CRP, and endotoxin levels (PCT/CRP=0.916, PCT/endotoxin=0.496, Endotoxin/CRP=0.387), and between those and APACHE Ⅱ score were (PCT/APACHEⅡ=0.505, Endotoxin/APACHE II=0.467, CRP/APACHE II=0.278), respectively, in bacteriemia patients infected with gram-negative bacteria. (2) The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve indicated that AUC PCT=0.715(sen 64.6%,spe 80.7%),AUC CRP=0.666(sen 67.7%, spe 78.6%),AUC endotoxin=0.771(sen 78.8%, spe 81.8%) in gram-negative bacteria bloodstream infection patients. (3) The AUC PCT=0.865(sen 86.2%,spe 77.5%),AUC CRP=0.733(sen 72.4%, spe 75.0%),AUCendotoxin=0.618(sen 70.7%,spe 67.5%)in bacteriemia patients infected with gram-negative bacteria in severe sepsis and septic shock group. Conclusions The plasma PCT, CRP, and endotoxin have early predictive value in bacteriemia patients infected with Gram-negative bacteria. In sepsis stage, the level of serum endotoxin has the most significant value for diagnosis. In severe sepsis and septic shock stages, the PCT is the most value for diagnosis of bacteriemia. All biomarkers are positively correlated with severity of the disease.

血清PCT诊断革兰氏阴性菌血流感染严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克组的曲线下面积最大是0.865,界定值为3.86 ng/mL,若以血清PCT>3.86 ng/mL来诊断,其敏感性为86.2%,特异性为77.5%。血清CRP诊断革兰氏阴性菌血流感染严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克的曲线下面积最大是0.733,界定值为103.5 mg/L,若以CRP>103.5 mg/L来诊断,其敏感性为72.4%,特异性为75.0%。血清内毒素诊断革兰氏阴性菌血流感染严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克的曲线下面积最大是0.618,界定值为16.5 pg/mL,若以内毒素>16.5 pg/mL来诊断,其敏感性为70.7%,特异性为67.5%。见图2。提示在革兰氏阴性菌性血流感染严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克组对其早期预测诊断价值是血清PCT的敏感性、特异性最高,其次是CRP和内毒素。

3 讨论

由于危重症患者基础疾病较多,体内植入各种导管,且发生感染后免疫力低下,故极易出现血流感染而导致全身炎症反应综合征和脓毒症休克死亡,而革兰氏阴性菌导致的血流感染较革兰氏阳性菌病理过程更加严重[2],特别是大肠埃希菌血流感染患者病死率较高[3-4]。

随着自动化血培养仪在临床的广泛应用,血培养的阳性检出率也开始大幅度的提高,成为临床上判断发热原因的常规检测手段之一。由于血培养阳性报告时间的长短能够反映细菌菌量和其毒素释放量的差别,迄今为止它仍然是血流感染诊断的“金指标”。但在临床实施时仍需做大量的准备工作来确保血培养的敏感性和特异性,包括采血时机、采血数量、采血部位、采血次数等,而且当血培养仪报告阳性后,仍需要经涂片初步鉴定和真菌培养基培养,最后由显色培养基鉴定或Vitek Ⅱ鉴定卡以及API生化鉴定系统鉴定,血培养周期较长,因而耗时较长。而脓毒症患者当血培养阳性结果回报时,患者已处于严重感染阶段或休克期,可能会使感染患者得不到及时有效地抗感染治疗,直接危及患者生命。此外,对于存在混合感染的血流感染患者,生长较快的肠杆菌可能首先使血培养仪发出阳性警报,而生长较慢的细菌此时未生长充分,故在后续鉴定中没有得到及时的检出,使临床早期诊断发生偏差,从而延误了临床选择有针对性的强效抗生素。故早期诊断血流感染的病原菌类型和评估疾病的严重程度是十分重要的。因此,临床和实验室的很多研究者开始探索血清PCT和CRP、内毒素及白介素-6等炎症生物标记物在血流感染所致的脓毒症早期诊断意义,并发现它们在脓毒症的早期诊断中可作为预警和预后判断的炎症指标,有重要的临床指导意义[2,4-6]。

本研究结果显示脓毒症组早期预测诊断价值是内毒素的敏感性和特异性最高,其次是血清PCT和CRP;严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克组早期预测诊断价值是PCT的敏感性和特异性最高,其次是CRP和内毒素,三者之间均呈明显的正相关。提示以上炎性生物标记物对于评估血流感染阳性的革兰阴性菌有重要意义。

血清CRP由肝脏合成的一种急性蛋白,与疾病的急性期反应相关性好,在各种急慢性感染,组织损伤时可显著升高。在感染后6~8 h 开始增高,24~48 h达高峰,半衰期较短为4~6 h。当细菌感染后,血清CRP 明显升高,病情缓解后一周内逐渐下降至正常,病情加重又明显升高,是评价感染及炎症反应的一种有效检测方法[7]。内毒素是革兰阴性菌细胞壁的脂多糖成分,内毒素的释放是其造成炎症临床表现及实验室表现的原因。有研究显示,内毒素阳性对革兰阴性杆菌血流感染的阳性预测值为48%,而没有内毒素血症则可基本排除败血症的发生[8]。本研究显示内毒素对于血流感染的脓毒症的敏感性和特异性最高,其次是血清PCT和CRP,提示内毒素对于判断革兰阴性菌血流感染早期脓毒症有重要预测价值。

血清PCT检测被认为是一项敏感、有潜在诊断价值的全新诊断标准,并与感染的严重程度及临床预后密切相关。在正常情况下,PCT 由甲状腺和肺神经内分泌细胞分泌,是由 116 个氨基酸组成的多肽,其编码基因位于 11 号染色体的 CALC-I 上[9],其血清 PCT 含量极低,约 2.5 pg/mL。当人体受病原体的感染或创伤后出现脓毒症及全身炎症反应综合征时患者血清 PCT 会显著升高[10-11],在感染后3 h开始增高,12 h达高峰,半衰期较长为24 h,血清PCT 已成为早期感染诊断的重要检测指标。Castelli等[12]对150例脓毒症患者研究中发现在严重脓毒症/脓毒性休克中,血清PCT浓度常在2~10 ng/mL,且与疾病的严重程度和器官功能不全相关。作为一个新的不同于传统炎症指标,血清PCT的检测迅速、便捷,对鉴别革兰氏阴性杆菌血流感染后诱导PCT水平升高的能力强于G+菌及真菌,其对脓毒症患者早期感染具有较高的敏感性和特异性。尤其是连续监测其浓度 的变化还可了解细菌感染的严重程度、判断预后及指导抗生素的治疗[13-14]。本研究中显示,在严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克组早期预测诊断价值是血清PCT的敏感性和特异性最高,其次是CRP和内毒素,与脓毒症早期不同,表明脓毒症期内毒素释放的刺激是诱发其血清PCT水平增高的一个重要原因。

APACHE Ⅱ评分值是危重症患者的最常用、最可靠的对疾病严重程度评估体系,其分值越高,提示病情越重,预后越差[12]。它是研究疾病严重程度的静态评分系统,设计上最大缺陷在于没有用于预计个体患者的病死率。国内学者研究已发现APACHE Ⅱ评分越高组其血清PCT的水平越高,血清PCT水平升高与细菌感染密切相关,认为联合监测APACHE Ⅱ评分与血清PCT,可更好地预测细菌感染性疾病患者28 d的生存情况[15-17]。本研究采用单因素方差分析比较后发现炎症因子PCT、endotoxin、CRP与APACHE Ⅱ评分均呈正相关(r=0.505,r=0.467,r=0.278 )。提示联合检测革兰氏阴性菌感染反应相对特异和敏感及严重程度的指标如血清PCT、CRP、LPS内毒素水平等不同的炎症生物标记物和APACHEⅡ评分的监测,对评价脓毒症患者病情严重程度有重要意义。

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(收稿日期:2013-12-01)