Catching Meaning while Forgetting Image,an Illustration Basedon Evolution in
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（Minzu University of China，Beijing，China ）
JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY， VOL.6，NO.5，48-53，2015（CN51-1731/C，in Chinese）
DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-9391.2015.05.06
Abstract：
One of Alfred C.Haddons most notable achievements must be his fieldwork on the Torres Strait Islands.Based on fieldwork material，he illustrated the life history of designs in his book evolution in Arts. In this book he mentioned that the study of art should be separated from the human mind and personal preference.He suggested three basic rules： first，even the history of art follows the rule of evolution，all the symbols，no matter simple or complex，have an original source.Second，in order to explain why different tribes or cultures have the same symbols，anthropologists should make their conclusions based upon detailed materials and scientific methods.Third，bcause we can find the origin of art and the meaning of symbols by analyzing present symbols，simpler civilizations and cultures might be a good start.From these three rules，it is quite clear that Haddon wanted to summarize the life history of designs from fieldwork material.However，the main idea of this article is to uncover the hidden structure of this history，apart from evolutionism.In this way，not only is the change of the symbols meaning mentioned，but Emile Durkheims and Marcel Mauss famous work Primitive Classification will also be compared in the following paragraphs.
Alfred C.Haddon found that the “Line” and the “Curve” were the most basic designs in Papua New Guinea.He found that the use of different designs have a connection with geographical location.But how were they connected？ And，how did local residents understand these designs？ Haddon noted that even in these primitive cultures，the meaning of the symbols were not primitive.Those lines and curves were not as simple as we thought.Haddon believed that they all derived from the portrayal of local animals and plants.For instance，the polygonal line came from the description of the crocodile，and curves got their image from birds.In other words，before the images of specific animals or plants had been simplified，the line or curve did not have any decorative meaning.However，after that process，tribes did not choose their main designs based on the aesthetic preference，but on the meaning of that design.It was in this way the designs were entrusted with a life.And，the life history of designs referred to，in one specific culture，the process from an objective fact to the aesthetic concept，that is，from the collective memory to individual preference.
As Alfred C.Haddon tried to separate the study of art from individual preference，Emile Durkheim also held the idea that instead of it being a personal idea，the classification of ability also had its foundation in society.The fact is that before Primitive Classification，people had no idea where did they got the ability of classify.In Durkheim and Mauss opinion，this ability had a close connection with the process through which humans evolved a logical cognition to this society.By analyzing primitive classification in Australia and Papua New Guinea，they wanted to know how those people recognized this world.In this way，the classification of thinking was an important prehistory history.
Durkheim and Mauss mentioned two types of primitive classification.One of them was found mainly in Australia.For the first time，people in Australia classified human and nature features into different categories.This was based on their kinship system.However，after the introduction of affinity，the system became more complex，and the concept of hierarchy emerged.The other type was based on phratry and clan.This kind of system was more complete，and the entire universe was classified into each clan and their branches.Obviously more categories emerged，and what should be noticed is that，unlike the first kind，in this stage the rules of classification began to be forgotten.Although people still mentioned why something should be put into a specific category，the hierarchical relationships between different categories were not as clear as before.
Did this system work in all the cultures？ Durkheim and Mauss soon raised this question，and in Papua New Guinea，this kind of classification system can be found in local social institutions.In fact，local social institutions，as soon as they existed，would also influence the classification system.As we have already mentioned，the hierarchy between different categories was not clear any more，nor were the primitive structure and the classification rules.However although the system still existed，the structure now turned to the many individual groups.The most complex and extreme type of classification was found among Zuni People.They used the principle of geography to replace the principle of kinship.In the former，the concept of totem played an important role in the classification.However，the relationship was no longer connected with an awareness of nature，but with a mechanistic structure.In this way，we can find that at first，features were classified based on clan and totem，and the entire universe was classified in this way.This also led to the change of the individual mode of thinking.When the hierarchy of clan began to disappear，the principles of classification also changed.In Durkheim and Mauss ideas，no matter whether the principle changed or not，they all came from the society instead of from any other concepts.