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话语与话语之外:安全化理论发展述略

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安全化理论在20世纪90年代末被哥本哈根学派提出后,已成为国际关系研究中的一个热点。哥本哈根的安全化理论借鉴了语言学理

>> 话语话语之外安全化理发展述略 评价理论与积极话语分析 话语混合与全球本土化 人际功能视角下的女性化话语与女权主义话语 巴赫金的“话语”理论与语言教学 关联理论话语理解等级与外语语用能力培养 书评:《旅游话语研究:理论与实践》述评 话语分析与言语行为理论 试析福柯的话语理论与文学研究 话语标记叹词化 中国“和平发展”话语权探讨:争论与反思 论教师话语与儿童情绪情感发展 【话语】 话语 常见问题解答 当前所在位置:.。由于安全化的特别政治模式使快速决策过程以及产生敌对他者归类的结果制度化,安全化有损于民主。Claudia Aradau, “Security and the Democratic Scene: Desecuritization and Emancipation,” Journal of International Relations and Development, Vol.7, No.4, 2004, pp.388-413.因此,阿罗多认为安全化是完全消极的。

相比于上述几种安全化理论,丽塔・弗洛伊德提出的理论对安全化中的听众和语言的作用采取完全忽视的态度,“把听众从安全化过程中排除”R. Floyd, “Can Securitization Theory Be Used in Normative Analysis? Towards a Just Securitization Theory,” p.429.,“摈弃语言具有安全化作用的观点”Ibid., p.429.。此种安全化理论虽然强调了安全化的规范因素,也指出了哥本哈根学派对于安全化界定中的行为的缺失,但其对话语以及众作用的完全忽视却值得商榷。

四、 结语

安全化理论由哥本哈根学派提出以来,得到了蓬勃的发展,对国际安全研究做出了开创性的贡献。总的来看,哥本哈根安全化理论是安全化理论的起点和基石,对国际安全研究产生的影响最大,其理论强调“言语行为”在安全化过程中的核心要素,强调话语的安全建构作用,如采用“社会学方法”的巴黎学派强调了安全化中话语之外的因素,如背景和场域、安全专家的作用以及日常实践对于安全的建构。这些要素无疑丰富了安全化理论的本质内涵。但是巴黎学派把实践与话语(或言语行为)截然分开,在对实践强调的同时,对话语的作用太过忽视。社会语用学视角安全化理论则更具有折中性,强调了话语在一定的社会背景下的作用。而规范视角的安全化理论则弥补了以上几种安全化理论中规范性的缺失,但是其对语言作用完全忽略的观点说服力不强。

可以看出,对于如何权衡话语与话语之外因素在安全化过程中的作用,是不同视角安全化理论之间的一个重要纷争点。当然,这种纷争对理论发展本身具有积极的作用。同时,这种纷争也是学界对于政治现实与实践观察的体现与反映。因此,安全化理论的发展必将更好地反映安全化实践过程,也会为安全化实践提供一定的理论启示。

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