语法精讲(二)
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动词过去分词作状语
一、过去分词作状语所表示的意义：
过去分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随等情况。表示时间、原因、条件、让步等的过去分词相当于相对应的状语从句，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致，过去分词与逻辑主语一般是被动关系。
二、过去分词作状语的分类：
一般式（done）：表示分词动作与谓语动作同时发生或分词动作发生于谓语动作之前。
完成式（having been done）：强调分词动作发生在谓语动作之前。
Scolded by the teacher, the girl sat there without lifting her head.（一般式）
由于被老师批评了，那个女孩低着头坐在那儿。
Having been thoroughly cleaned, the garden looked more beautiful than ever before.（完成式）
经过彻底清扫之后，这座花园比以往任何时候都美。
三、过去分词作状语的用法：
(1) 作时间状语：
When heated, water can be changed into steam.
水加热后可以变成蒸汽。
(2) 作原因状语：
Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid.
有了著名侦探的指点，这位年轻的姑娘不再害怕了。
Done in a hurry, his homework was full of mistakes.
他匆忙做的作业错误百出。
(3) 作条件状语：
Given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better.
如果再精心照料一些，这些大白菜还可以长得更好。
Compared with you, we still have a long way to go.
和你相比，我们还有很大的差距。
(4) 作让步状语：
Beaten by the opposite team, the players were not discouraged.
虽然被对方打败了，选手们并没有灰心丧气。
(5) 作方式或伴随状语：
She sat by the window, lost in thought.
她坐在窗前，陷于沉思。（方式）
The hunter left his house, followed by his dog.
猎人离开了屋子，后面跟着他的狗。（伴随）
四、过去分词作状语相当于与之相对应的状语从句：
(1) 过去分词作时间状语相当于由when引导的时间状语从句。如果两个动作同时发生，可在分词前用when，while等使其时间意义更明确。
Asked what had happened, he lowered his head.
= When he was asked what had happened, he lowered his head.
当他被问到发生了什么事时，他低下了头。
(2) 过去分词作原因状语相当于由as，since，because引导的原因状语从句，这类状语多放在句子前半部分。
Frightened by the tiger, the girl didn’t dare to sleep alone.
= Because/As she was frightened by the tiger, the girl didn’t dare to sleep alone.
因为害怕老虎，这个女孩不敢单独睡觉。
(3) 过去分词作条件状语相当于由if，unless引导的条件状语从句。有时为了使句子意思更为明确，可在分词前保留if，unless。
Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
= If these seeds are grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。
(4) 过去分词作让步状语相当于由though，although引导的让步状语从句。
Left at home, John didn’t feel afraid at all.
= Although he was left at home, John didn’t feel afraid at all.
虽然约翰被单独留在房间里，但是他一点都不害怕。
(5) 过去分词作方式状语或伴随状语时，相当于由and连接的并列句。
The teacher entered the classroom, followed by a group of students.
= The teacher entered the classroom, and he was followed by a group of students.
老师进入教室，后面跟着一帮学生。
注意：
状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词，构成“连词 + 过去分词”结构作状语。
When given a medical examination, you should keep calm.
当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。