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我的生活中充斥着几近无穷的文化资源:堆在床头的有生之年“必读”的书;待在收藏夹里的有生之年“必读”的链接;躺在硬盘刻录机里的有生之年“必看”的电影……面对如此丰富的选择和卖命的推荐,我变得焦虑不安:选择无限,有生之年有限,我是抱着击败死神的决心拼命完成有生之年“必做”之事,还是在文化暴虐的信息世界保持一颗不受干扰的心?
The pile of books next to my bed has become a Tower of Doom. Last month, I was two-thirds of the way through The Age of Extremes when its author, Eric Hobsbawm1), died. Just below it was The Railway Man, the wartime memoir of Eric Lomax2). He passed away too. A week after I finished Hunter S. Thompson3)’s Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail ’72, defeated presidential candidate George McGovern, one of its key characters, went. Christopher Hitchens4), Nora Ephron5), Gore Vidal6) … My must-read list resembles a kill list.
It reminds me how much I hate those litanies7) of things to read, see, hear or experience before you die, and the way they turn entertainment into an impossibly epic assignment to be completed before the ultimate, non-negotiable deadline, as if you will be on your deathbed guiltily confessing to your grandchildren that you never got around to8) watching the Three Colors trilogy9) even though you somehow found time for all six seasons of Lost. I find the beat-the-reaper10) concept irrational and self-defeating, not because I feel above it all but because it highlights how irrational and self-defeating my own attitude to cultural consumption has become.
In the most heartfelt chapter of his book Retromania11), the music critic Simon Reynolds admits to a strange nostalgia12) for the boredom of his youth. “Today’s boredom is not hungry, a response to deprivation; it is a loss of cultural appetite, in response to the surfeit13) of claims on your attention and time.” One of the many ways in which technology leaves the human brain gasping to keep up is in its provision of almost limitless choice, because time remains as limited as ever. “Life itself is a scarcity economy,” writes Reynolds. “You only have so much time and energy.”
Technology has birthed new versions of the bedside pile of books: the neglected links stacking up in my Twitter Favourites column; the high-minded Netflix queue14) I compiled; the earnest documentaries waiting in silent accusation on my DVR, like an unused gym membership, until the day the device mercifully crashes. At the same time, the digital buffet can erode your ability to commit to one thing at a time. The main reason I don’t own a Kindle or iPad is my suspicion that, without the firm anchor of a physical book, I will get restless and float away in a sea of options.
The great joy of immersion in one particular story is that it stops you thinking about time and how to spend it. I recently counted the books in the Tower of Doom, estimated how long it would take to read them all, tallied this against my available reading hours on an average day, and concluded that the only realistic solutions were to shoot myself in the foot like a panicky first world war Tommy15) or get sent to jail, where I might be able to fit in some regular exercise too. Obviously, what with having a job and two young children, these both had drawbacks. Perhaps I could read faster. President Theodore Roosevelt16) allegedly finished up to three books a day, advising his son: “The wise thing to do is simply to skip the bosh and twaddle17) and vulgarity and untruth, and get the benefit out of the rest.” This is good advice for anyone who considers watching all six seasons of Lost, but it also makes the process more akin to data processing than actual enjoyment.
Time anxiety induces a perverse reaction to recommendations. Links to “must-read” articles or rave18) reviews of “must-see” box sets make me sigh. Must I? Conversely, if I hate, say, the first episode of a new TV drama I feel a thrill of elation: “Thank God for the Newsroom19)’s smug20), self-parodic hokum21)! I’ve just saved myself hours.” Recently I was a few chapters into Henry Miller22)’s Tropic of Cancer (which belongs alongside On the Road and The Magus in a subcategory of Books You Should Read Before You’re 18 or Not at All) when I realised I loathed it and could exile it to the charity shop with a clean conscience. It felt great.
When I hate something these days I find it liberating rather than disappointing because I like too much. It wasn’t just the deprivation that Reynolds mentions that guided my teenage choices; it was a certain militant23) narrow-mindedness24). With cheerful ignorance I consigned vast swathes of culture to the Land of Not My Kind of Thing. Even though I missed out on countless books, films and albums that were, in fact, My Kind of Thing, I didn’t know that at the time, so I was free to go deep instead of broad. I never had the sense that the clock was ticking and Middlemarch25) wasn’t going to read itself.
More importantly, I didn’t care. I don’t know why I do now—why, in my mind, availability leads to obligation. I don’t attend the hideously competitive dinner parties or academic confabs. Frankly, nobody except me is interested in hearing about the ones I have read. Looking at the Tower of Doom and its digital equivalents, I wonder: does manically devouring as much culture as possible make me a better person or just a better armchair26) University Challenge27) contestant? I think I know the answer to that one.
我床边的那摞书已成为一座“毁灭之塔”。上个月,我刚把这堆书里的《极端的时代》读了三分之二,它的作者埃里克·霍布斯鲍姆就去世了。放在它下面的《铁路人》是埃里克·洛马克斯的一本战争回忆录,埃里克也驾鹤西去了。我看完亨特·S·汤普森的《恐惧与嫌恶:跟踪1972年的总统竞选》一周后,这本书中的关键人物之一、落选的总统候选人乔治·麦戈文也与世长辞了。此外还有克里斯托弗·希钦斯、诺拉·艾芙隆、戈尔·维达尔……我的必读书单俨然是一张死亡名单!
这让我意识到,所谓有生之年必读、必看、必听或者必须要经历某些事的陈词滥调是多么让我深恶痛绝。同样令我憎恶的是,这些说法把娱乐活动变成了一项不可能完成的宏伟任务,要在一个没得商量的终极期限内完成。听起来就好像你在临终之时还要向自己的子孙们羞愧地忏悔:虽然自己不知哪来的时间把《迷失》的六季全看了,但却一直抽不出时间看《三色》系列电影。我发现这种妄图战胜死神(来完成宏伟计划)的想法是荒谬的,只会适得其反。我之所以这么说,不是因为我自认为能超脱这一切,而是因为这种想法更凸显出我在文化消费上的态度已变得多么荒谬和适得其反。
音乐批评家西蒙·雷诺兹著有《怀旧狂》一书。在该书最真情流露的章节中,西蒙坦承自己对年轻时的无聊情绪有种莫名的怀念。“当下人们的无聊情绪并不是因资源匮乏而引发的饥渴;而是一种文化欲望的缺失,这是对注意力和时间的过度要求所导致的结果。”科技使人脑疲于跟上其步伐的众多方式之一是为人们提供几近无穷的选择,因为时间仍是一如既往的有限。“生命本身就是一种稀缺经济,”雷诺兹写道,“你只有这么多的时间和精力”。
科技催生了各种新形式的“床边书堆”:比如那些堆在我的推特收藏栏里无暇点击的链接;那些我在Netflix网站上编制的品位不凡的电影列表;还有那些躺在硬盘录像机里等待被播放的严肃纪录片,它们像一张未用过的健身房会员卡一样,默默无声地谴责我,直到某天那个机器大发慈悲地自行崩溃。与此同时,数码“自助餐”也会削弱人们一次只专注做一件事的能力。我之所以没有Kindle或者 iPad,就是因为我预感到,如果不用纸质书来凝聚注意力,我会变得焦躁不安,在选择的大海中漂泊不定。
沉浸于某一个特定故事的好处在于,它能让你忘记时间的存在,你也就无须思考如何利用时间。最近我数了数“毁灭之塔”中的书,估算了一下需要多长时间能把这些书全读完,再将这个时间与我平均每天能用来阅读的时间进行比照。结果我发现,唯一现实的解决办法就是像一战中惊慌失措的英国士兵那样,举起枪打自己的脚,或者进监狱——在那儿也许我还能进行一些规律的运动。不过,对于有一份工作和两个年幼的孩子的人来说,这两种解决办法显然都不是万全之策。或许我可以提高我的阅读速度。西奥多·罗斯福总统号称一天能读完三本书,他给儿子的建议是这样的:“读书的明智之举不过是忽略书中的鬼话、废话、粗话和假话,然后从余下的部分中汲取有益的知识。”这对打算看完六季《迷失》的任何人来说都是个不错的建议,但这也会让观影过程变得更像数据处理而非真正的享受。
对时间的焦虑导致我对“推荐”抱有抵触的态度。“必读”文章的链接也好,对“必看”影片套装赞不绝口的评论也罢,都只能唤起我的一声叹息——我真的有必要看这些东西吗?反过来,如果我不喜欢某样东西,比如某个新推电视剧的第一集,我则感到得意洋洋、兴奋不已:“多亏了《新闻编辑室》那自以为是、自我解嘲的俗套情节,我才节省了自己的时间。”最近,我只看了几章亨利·米勒的《北回归线》(该书与《在路上》和《巫术师》一起被列在《十八岁之前非读不可的书》的子目录中),就发现我很不喜欢这本书,这样我就可以问心无愧地把它送到慈善商店了。这种感觉太棒了!
现在,当我讨厌某样东西时,我会觉得这是一种解放,而不会失望,因为我喜欢的东西太多了。影响我青少年时代好恶选择的不仅仅是雷诺兹所提到的资源匮乏,还有我们那时的激进思想和短浅目光。那时无忧无虑又无识无知的我将诸多文化打入“非我所爱之物的冷宫”。尽管我与实际上“为我所爱”的无数书、电影和音乐专辑失之交臂,但当时的我并不知道,所以我就由着自己的心意深入探索而非广泛涉猎。年少的我从来没有时光飞逝的感觉,也从来没有感觉到应该抓紧时间读《米德尔马契》。
更重要的是,那时的我不在乎这些。我不知道为什么自己现在会在乎——为什么在我看来,可获得的资源会成为一种义务。我并不参加唇枪舌剑式的晚宴和学术会谈。坦率地说,除了我自己,没人会有兴趣听我讲我读过的书。面对纸质书和电子书形成的“毁灭之塔”,我不禁自问:狼吞虎咽地疯狂吞下尽可能多的文化食粮,究竟会使我变成一个更好的人,还是一个只不过会纸上谈兵的更熟练的“大学挑战赛”选手?我想这个答案对我来说已了然于胸。
1. Eric Hobsbawm:埃里克·霍布斯鲍姆(1917~2012),享誉国际、备受推崇的近代史大师
2. Eric Lomax:埃里克·洛马克斯(1919~2012),英国军官,因写作《铁路人》(The Railway Man)一书而闻名于世。
3. Hunter S. Thompson:亨特·S·汤普森(1937 ~2005),美国记者、自由作家
4. Christopher Hitchens:克里斯托弗·希钦斯(1949~2011),美国作家、记者
5. Nora Ephron:诺拉·艾芙隆(1941~2012),美国知名导演、编剧,代表影片有《当哈利遇见莎莉》(When Harry Met Sally)、《西雅图夜未眠》(Sleepless in Seattle)和《电子情书》(You’ve Got Mail)等。
6. Gore Vidal:戈尔·维达尔(1925~2012),美国小说家、剧作家、散文家
7. litany [?l?t?ni] n. 陈词滥调
8. get around to:设法找到足够的时间去做(某事)
9. Three Colors trilogy:《三色》系列电影,波兰著名导演克日什托夫·基耶斯洛夫斯基(Krzysztof Kieslowski, 1941~1996)所导演的《三色:蓝》(Three Colors: Blue)、《三色:白》(Three Colors: White)和《三色:红》(Three Colors: Red)三部电影的总称。
10. beat-the-reaper:击败死神
11. Retromania:《怀旧狂》,其完整名称为《怀旧狂:流行文化对自己过去的瘾》(Retromania: Pop Culture’s Addiction to its Own Past),英国音乐评论家西蒙·雷诺兹(Simon Reynolds, 1963~)的著作。
12. nostalgia [n??st?ld??] n. 对往事的怀念;怀旧
13. surfeit [?s??(r)f?t] n. 过量,过度
14. Netflix queue:指用户在Netflix视频网站上按照想观看电影的先后顺序编制的电影列表
15. Tommy:又称“Tommy Atkins”,对英国士兵的一种称呼
16. Theodore Roosevelt:西奥多·罗斯福(1882~1945),美国历史上唯一连任四届(第四届任期未满)的总统,被学者评为美国最伟大的三位总统之一。
17. twaddle [?tw?d(?)l] n. 废话
18. rave [re?v] adj.〈口〉狂热褒评的;赞扬(性)的
19. Newsroom:《新闻编辑室》,一部由艾伦·索金原创的美国剧情类电视剧,于2012年6月在HBO电视台首播。该剧讲述了一个虚构电视台“亚特兰大有线新闻台”(简称ACN)台前幕后的故事,同时也描述了ACN主播威尔·麦卡沃伊及其制作团队在“电视台商业需求与个人新闻操守发生冲突时”的一系列表现。
20. smug [sm?g] adj. 自以为是的
21. hokum [?h?uk?m] n. (为追求感情效果而加进戏剧等中的)俗套情节,低级噱头
22. Henry Miller:亨利·米勒(1891~1980),美国“垮掉派”作家,20世纪美国乃至世界最重要的作家之一。下文中提到的《北回归线》(Tropic of Cancer)是亨利·米勒的自传体小说。
23. militant [?m?l?t?nt] adj. 激进的,好战的
24. narrow-mindedness:目光短浅,坐井观天
25. Middlemarch:《米德尔马契》,乔治·艾略特(George Eliot)的小说。乔治·艾略特(1819~1880),英国小说家,与狄更斯和萨克雷齐名。
26. armchair [?ɑ?(r)m?t?e?(r)] adj. 无实际经验的;非亲身经历(而是通过阅读或听说了解)的
27. University Challenge:大学挑战赛, BBC第二频道上的一档知识问答类节目,起源于1962年。