丢掉坏习惯,快速阅读

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自上学之日起，我们已经参加过无数次的英语考试。你有没有觉得考试时间不够用呢？很多时间是不是都浪费在阅读理解题中呢？

我们先来做一个小总结，看看你是不是有以下这些坏习惯。

如果你有上述两个或者两个以上的阅读坏习惯，就不难理解你为什么觉得考试时间不够用了。要想提高阅读速度，要做的第一件事就是丢掉坏习惯。想要丢掉坏习惯，最好的方法就是养成好习惯。

上述的阅读好习惯，只有“猜读”和“跳读”比较难养成。上期已经详细介绍过“猜读”的具体方法，本期不再赘述。那么，你知道如何“跳读”吗？想要养成跳读的好习惯，一定要有一个正确的认识――对于那些看不懂的单词、句子，就是单独看上十遍、百遍，你也未必能理解。因此，把时间花在你能读懂的内容上，对于看不懂的内容，应当迅速跳过。

我们首先要掌握跳读的阅读顺序。

第一步：串读。速读文章后所有的问题，包括选项。通过这样的操作，我们不仅能够根据问题来串联文章的大部分主体内容，而且也便于阅读文章时留意文中出现的与选项有关的信息。

第二步：拣读。拣读，顾名思义就是挑拣一些句子来读。一般是飞速阅读文章第一段的第一句（视段落长短，偶尔加第二句），末段的第一句和最后一句，其余段开头第一句，比照串读时所获的内容信息。

第三步：略读。用很快的速度浏览全文。最重要的是可以定位“串读”中涉及的问题的位置。

第四步：寻读。带着问题到文中寻读，“定位”答案。

第五步：精读。偶尔定位后不能确定者，需要精读“定位区”附近两三句甚至全段。

下面我们结合实例来解读跳读法。

【典例1】（2011年全国卷Ⅰ•A篇）When milk arrived on the doorstep

When I was a boy growing up in New Jersey in the 1960s，we had a milkman delivering milk to our doorstep．His name was Mr．Basille．He wore a white cap and drove a white truck．As a 5-year-old boy，I couldn’ t take my eyes off the coin changer fixed to his belt．He noticed this one day during a delivery and gave me a quarter out of his coin changer．

Of course，he delivered more than milk．There was cheese，eggs and so on．If we needed to change our order，my mother would pen a note―“Please add a bottle of buttermilk next delivery” ―and place it in the box along with the empty bottles．And then，the buttermilk would magically(魔术般)appear．

All of this was about more than convenience. There existed a close relationship between families and their milkmen．Mr．Basille even had a key to our house，for those times when it was so cold outside that we put the box indoors，so that the milk wouldn’ t freeze．And I remember Mr．Basille from time to time taking a break at our kitchen table，having a cup of tea and telling stories about his delivery．

There is sadly no home milk delivery today．Big companies allowed the production of cheaper milk, thus making it difficult for milkmen to compete (竞争). Besides，milk is for sale everywhere，and it may just not have been practical to have a delivery service．

Recently, an old milk box in the countryside I saw brought back my childhood memories．I took it home and planted it on the back porch(门廊)．Every so often my son's friends will ask what it is．So I start telling stories of my boyhood，and of the milkman who brought us friendship along with his milk．

1.Mr．Basille gave the boy a quarter out of his coin changer______．

A．to show his magical power

B．to pay for the delivery

C．to satisfy his curiosity

D．to please his mother

2.What can be inferred from the fact that the milkman had the key to the boy’ s house?

A．He wanted to have tea there．

B．He was a respectable person．

C．He was treated as a family member．

D．He was fully trusted by the family．

3.Why does home milk delivery no longer exist?

A．Nobody wants to be a milkman now．

B．It has been driven out of the market．

C．It has service is getting poor．

D．It is forbidden by law．

4.Why did the author bring back home an old milk box?

A．He missed the good old days．

B．He wanted to tell interesting stories．

C．He needed it for his milk bottles．

D．He planted flowers in it．

在串读之前，如果文章有标题，一定要先看文章标题，这样可以大致定位内容的范围。文章的标题是When milk arrived on the doorstep――牛奶送到家门口的那些时候。

第一步：串读。把文章后面的问题（包括各个选项）迅速串读一遍。在串联的过程中，要适当地进行一些猜想，进而通过问题把文章串起来。

1.Mr．Basille给男孩一枚硬币是为什么？①为了显示他的魔法能力。②支付运费。③满足男孩的好奇心。④取悦男孩的妈妈。由此可知，Mr. Basille可能就是送牛奶的人。按照常理来说，他没有什么魔法功能，送牛奶的人也不需要支付运费。“取悦男孩的妈妈”不太符合思想道德的标准，属于消极型选项，一般不选。因此，我们可以大致猜到Mr．Basille给男孩一枚硬币是了满足男孩的好奇心。

2.为什么送奶工有男孩家的钥匙？①他想在房间里面喝茶。②他是一个值得尊敬的人。③他得到像家人一样的待遇。④他得到这个家庭的高度信任。首先，不是值得尊敬的人就可以拥有别人家的钥匙。可以排除一个选项。送奶工有男孩家的钥匙，至少说明了送奶工与男孩一家关系融洽。

3.为什么后来没有牛奶配送员了？①因为没有人愿意做送奶工。②因为他们已经被挤出了市场。③他们的服务越来越差了。④这是被法律禁止的。按常理来说，被法律禁止的可能性较小。

4.为什么作者带了一个旧的牛奶盒回家？①他怀念旧日的美好时光。②他想说一个有趣的故事。③他需要这个盒子来装牛奶。④他要在盒子里种花。

在还没有读文章的内容之前，仅仅在是在串读问题这一步中，从第二个问题开始，我们就能体会到作者的感情。送奶工有男孩家的钥匙，说明他们关系不错；后来没有了送奶工，小男孩可能会觉得遗憾、难过，因为最后一个问题提到作者（小男孩）带了一个旧的牛奶盒回家。

其实在串读这一步骤中，文章的感情基调、情节发展、文章主旨都大致明朗了。接下来主要就是通过“拣读”来确定答案。

第二步：拣读。也就是读懂每段文章开头的第一句话以及文章最后一句话：当我还是个小男孩的时候，我们有一个送奶工送牛奶到我们的家门口（第一段）；当然，他不仅仅送牛奶（第二段）；这不仅仅是生活方便了，更多的是一个家庭和送奶工们建立了相互信任的关系（第三段，在这一句里，我们可以判断第2小题的答案为C――送奶工得到家庭的信任）；很遗憾，现在已经没有送奶工了（第四段）；最近，我在乡下带回了一个旧的牛奶箱，它也带回了我儿时的记忆（最后一段，通过读这一句，我们也能够判断第4小题的答案为A――作者怀念旧时的美好时光）。

第三步：略读。通过拣读之后，还剩下第1小题和第3小题没有得到解答。这时候我们可以大致浏览文章内容。

第四步：寻读。通过略读后，我们找到了第1小题和第3小题在文中的具置。此时只要“定位”阅读细节即可。第1小题的具置在第一段最后两句：As a 5-year-old boy,I couldn’ t take my eyes off the coin changer fixed to his belt．He noticed this one day during a delivery and gave me a quarter out of his coin changer．作者当时只是一个五岁的小孩，眼睛一直盯着送奶工腰部的找零钱的袋子看，应该是很好奇里面装的是什么东西。于是送奶工就送给他一枚25美分的硬币，这是为了满足男孩的好奇心。第3小题的具置在第四段，通过浏览整段的内容，可以知道是形势发生了变化――牛奶价格便宜了，销售普及了，送奶的工作就变得不实际了。因此，送奶这一行被市场淘汰了。

至此，答案已经全部揭晓。有人会问：那么第五步呢？那是因为不需要第五步了。其实不仅仅是不需要第五步，很多时候往往只是需要第一步和第二步。这就是看你会不会串读，敢不敢跳过。

可能又会有读者持有怀疑：是不是文章太简单了，才能使用这个方法？我们可以再来看另一个例子。

【典例2】（2011年高考天津卷・C篇）An idea that started in Seattle's public library has spread throughout America and beyond．The concept is simple：help to build a sense of community in a city by getting everyone to read the same book at the same time．

In addition to encouraging reading as a pursuit (追求) to be enjoyed by all, the program allows strangers to communicate by discussing the book on the bus, as well as promoting reading as an experience to be shared in families and schools．The idea came from Seattle librarian Nancy Pearl who launched (发起) the “If All of Seattle Read the Same Book” project in 1998．Her original program used author visits, study guides and book discussion groups to bring people together with a book, but the idea has since expanded to many other American cities, and even to Hong kong．

In Chicago, the mayor (市长) appeared on television to announce the choice of To Kill a Mockingbird as the first book in the “One Book, One Chicago” program．As a result, reading clubs and neighborhood groups sprang up around the city．Across the US, stories emerged of parents and children reading to each other at night and strangers chatting away on the bus about plot and character.

The only problem arose in New York, where local readers could not decide on one book to represent the huge and diverse population．This may show that the idea works best in medium-sized cities or large towns, where a greater sense of unity(一致）can be achieved．Or it may show that New Yorkers rather missed the point, putting all their energy and passion into the choice of the book rather than into discussion about a book itself．

ultimately, as Nancy points out, the level of success is not measured by how many people read a book, but by how many people are enriched by the process or have enjoyed speaking to someone with whom they would not otherwise have shared a word．

5.What is the purpose of the project launched by Nancy?

A.To invite authors to guide readers．

B.To encourage people to read and share．

C.To involve people in community service．

D.To promote the friendship between cities．

6.Why was it difficult for New Yorkers to carry out the project?

A.They had little interest in reading．

B.They were too busy to read a book．

C.They came from many different backgrounds．

D.They lacked support from the local government．

7.According to the passage, where would the project be more easily carried out?

A.In large communities with little sense of unity．

B.In large cities where libraries are far from home．

C.In medium-sized cities with a diverse population．

D.In large towns where agreement can be quickly reached．

8.The underlined words“shared a word”in Paragraph 5 probably mean ．

A.exchanged ideas with each other

B.discussed the meaning of a word

C.gained life experience

D.used the same language

9.According to Nacy，the degree of success of the project is judged by ．

A.the careful selection of a proper book

B.the growing popularity of the writers

C.the number of people who benefit from reading

D.the number of books that each person reads

第一步：串读。

5.Nancy为什么推行这个项目？①邀请作者指导阅读。②鼓励人们阅读与分享。③服务大众。④促进城市的友情。由此可知，Nancy推行的项目可能与读书有关。

6.为什么这个项目在纽约难以实施？①他们没兴趣读书。②他们太忙没有时间读书。③他们有不同的背景。④他们缺乏政府的支持。再次提到阅读，由此可以断定，这个项目一定与阅读相关。

7.这个项目在哪里更容易实施。①在团结的大社区。②在图书馆离家远的大城市。③在人口多的中型城市。④在人们更容易达成统一意见的大城市。比较第6题和第7题：人口多，不一定容易实施，比如纽约，它的人口很多，但还是难以实施。

8. shared a word是什么意思？①交流想法。②讨论一个词的意思。③获得生活经验。④使用相同的语言。单单看share就知道有分享、交流的意思，再串读第5小题的B选项――鼓励人们阅读与分享，很容易就可以猜想到两个小题的答案。

9.对于Nancy而言，这个项目怎么样才能算成功？①人们能选择一本合适的书。②作者的增长数量。③从阅读中受益的人数。④每个人读的书的数量。串读第5和第8小题，基本上可以猜测这个项目的目的是为了让更多的人阅读与分享，让更多的人从中受益。那么可以猜测第9小题的答案可能是C。

第二步：拣读。可确定第5、6、7、8、9题的答案。

为了证实串读时的猜测，此时可以拣读文章各段落的首句。始于西雅图公共图书馆的一个想法已扩散到美国各个地方（第一段）；为了鼓励大家阅读，并在各个场合讨论同一本书，同时让阅读作为一种在学校和家庭流行的经验分享方式（第二段，从这里可以判断出第5小题的答案为B――鼓励大家交流与分享）；唯一的问题发生在纽约，因为无法选定一本能够代表巨大而多样化人口的书给读者阅读（第四段，至此可以判断第6题的答案为C――人口多、背景复杂，也就是众口难调。也可以判断第7题的答案为D――在那种人们的意见更容易统一的城市更容易实施）；南希认为项目的成功不在于有多少人读了这本书，而在于有多少人从此喜欢阅读并乐于与人分享（最后一段，至此，我们又可以确定第9小题的答案为C――受益的人数）。

其实，很多文章只要进行到第二步就可以完成做题了。为什么？因为我们第一步就通过“串读”问题来获得了大体意思，并且将文章的一些主要结构串联起来了，然后“拣读”则进一步帮助我们比照了意义，意义一重叠，答案自然水落石出。

此外，建议考生在串读的时候，将每个题干的大致意思写在题干旁边，这些意思能够让你快速组建文章框架。

你也来体会一下“跳读”的乐趣吧。